Advances in Bionanomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue that forms the skeleton of the body and is built at the nano and microscale levels as a multi-component composite material consisting of a hard inorganic phase (minerals) in an elastic, dense organic network. Mimicking bone structure and its properties present an important frontier in the fields of nanotechnology, materials science and bone tissue engineering, given the complex morphology of this tissue. There has been a growing interest in developing artificial bone-mimetic nanomaterials with controllable mineral content, nanostructure, chemistry for bone, cartilage tissue engineering and substitutes. This review describes recent advances in bionanomaterials for bone tissue engineering including developments in soft tissue engineering. The significance and basic process of bone tissue engineering along with different bionanomaterial bone scaffolds made of nanocomposites and nanostructured biopolymers/bioceramics and the prerequisite biomechanical functions are described. It also covers latest developments in soft-tissue reconstruction and replacement. Finally, perspectives on the future direction in nanotechnology-enabled bone tissue engineering are presented.

Experimental study on advanced bone regeneration by BMP-7 derived-peptide chitosan nanometer hydroxyapatite collagen biomimetic composite

“…For example, the change of the material degradation rate, mechanical strength, porosity and pore size could be made according to clinical needs. [4][5][6][7] To date, no artificial bone repair material has been recognized by the scientific community. However, biomimetic-based composite bone repair materials have gained wide attention due to their good biocompatibility, degradability and osteoconductivity.…”

Calcium orthophosphate bioceramics

“…The field of tissue engineering, particularly when applied to bone substitutes where tissues often function in a mechanically demanding environment [801][802][803], requires a collaboration of excellence in cell and molecular biology, biochemistry, material sciences, bioengineering and clinical research. For the success, it is necessary that researchers with expertise in one area have an appreciation of the knowledge and challenges of the other areas.…”

“…Self-setting (self-hardening) formulations), can determine the choice of a certain biomaterial. Finally, sterilization with no loss of properties is a crucial step in scaffold production at both a laboratory and an industrial level [801][802][803]. Thus, each scaffold (template) should fulfill many functions before, during and after implantation.…”

“…The majority of large-sized tissues and organs with distinct 3D form require a support for their formation from cells. The support is called scaffold, template and/or artificial extracellular matrix[127, 128,561,798,[801][802][803][804][805][806][807][808][809]. The major function of scaffolds is similar to that of the natural extracellular matrix that assists proliferation, differentiation and biosynthesis of cells.…”

1984 : on monitoring cell fate in three-dimensional polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering applications

“…Taking into account the composition of native bone, in which both organic and inorganic components are found, makes composite materials a logical choice for bone tissue engineering scaffolds [53,66]. Combinatorial approaches in which synthetic materials are combined with biological materials offer both a high degree of tailorability in mechanical properties as well as enhanced instructive properties due to their biological activity [67,68]. These instructive properties can result in enhanced cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation [18,48,[69][70][71][72][73].…”