Advances and Innovations of 3D Bioprinting Skin

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted skin equivalents are highlighted as the new gold standard for alternative models to animal testing, as well as full-thickness wound healing. In this review, we focus on the advances and innovations of 3D bioprinting skin for skin regeneration, within the last five years. After a brief introduction to skin anatomy, 3D bioprinting methods and the remarkable features of recent studies are classified as advances in materials, structures, and functions. We will discuss several ways to improve the clinical potential of 3D bioprinted skin, with state-of-the-art printing technology and novel biomaterials. After the breakthrough in the bottleneck of the current studies, highly developed skin can be fabricated, comprising stratified epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis with blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and skin appendages. We hope that this review will be priming water for future research and clinical applications, that will guide us to break new ground for the next generation of skin regeneration.

(Bio)printing in Personalized Medicine—Opportunities and Potential Benefits

“…Having in mind the great necessity in the reconstructive surgery, 3D bioprinting presents itself as a promising technology that might be able to produce rapidly and reliably biomimetic cellular skin substitutes, to the satisfaction of both clinical and industrial needs [ 102 ]. Many of these prostheses may not integrate biologically properly and may not function biomechanically when transplanted.…”

MXene and Xene: promising frontier beyond graphene in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

“…Multiple recent studies have utilized 3D printing to produce 3D scaffolds that encourage encapsulated cells to exhibit morphologies and characteristics closer to those of their in vivo states. 77 Zhang significantly improved the bone mineral density and volume fraction and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), separation, and number (Tb.N), suggesting that the GO-PLA films act as barrier membranes in GBR. Owing to their biofunctionalities, which are due to their numerous functional groups and elemental nature, MXene nanoparticles (NPs) were recently utilized in bone tissue engineering.…”

“…Multiple recent studies have utilized 3D printing to produce 3D scaffolds that encourage encapsulated cells to exhibit morphologies and characteristics closer to those of their in vivo states. 77 Zhang et al introduced a GO-incorporated alginate (Alg) and gelatin (Gel) composite bioink (GO-Alg/Gel) for use in the 3D bioprinting of bone-mimicking scaffolds. The prepared bioinks with higher GO concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 mg mL −1 ) exhibited improved bioprintability, scaffold fidelity, compressive moduli, and cell viability.…”

3D bioprinting strategies and their application in studies in vivo and in vitro animal models for skin regeneration: a concise systematic review and meta-analysis

“…3D bioprinting methods and notable features of recent studies are classified as advances in materials, structures, and functions. In this regard, one can fabricate skin comprising the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis stratified with blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and skin appendages [16].…”

“…Still, the 3D bioprinting of skin has an advantage compared to other technologies for skin substitutes, the capacity for directional and spatial handling at the cellular level with variable density. In addition, 3D constructs can be: (1) manipulated into the shape and depth of the lesion and readily printed with high reproducibility through tissue scanning technology; (2) availability of different types of bio-inks (including biological materials with antibiotic properties, growth factors, etc...); (3) tissue can be printed directly onto the surface of the lesion using layer-by-layer deposition; (4) the technique of constructs with pores allows a high cell viability and cell fixation [16].…”