Advancements in the treatment of pediatric acute leukemia and brain tumor - continuous efforts for 100% cure

Abstract

Treatment outcomes of pediatric cancers have improved greatly with the development of improved treatment protocols, new drugs, and better supportive measures, resulting in overall survival rates greater than 70%. Survival rates are highest in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, reaching more than 90%, owing to risk-based treatment through multicenter clinical trials and protocols developed to prevent central nervous system relapse and testicular relapse in boys. New drugs including clofarabine and nelarabine are currently being evaluated in clinical trials, and other targeted agents are continuously being developed. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells are now attracting interest for the treatment of recurrent or refractory disease. Stem cell transplantation is still the most effective treatment for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, in order to reduce treatment-related death after stem cell transplantation, there is need for improved treatments. New drugs and targeted agents are also needed for improved outcome of AML. Surgery and radiation therapy have been the mainstay for brain tumor treatment. However, chemotherapy is becoming more important for patients who are not eligible for radiotherapy owing to age. Stem cell transplant as a means of high dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue is a new treatment modality and is often repeated for improved survival. Drugs such as temozolomide are new chemotherapeutic options. In order to achieve 100% cure in children with pediatric cancer, every possible treatment modality and effort should be considered.

Development of Adrenal Glands from the Embryonic Phase to Puberty in Spix’s Yellow-toothed Cavies (Galea spixii, Wagler, 1831)

“…Technol. v.61: e18161278 2018 role during the fetus´s life and they may be the basis of cell communication that coordinates mother-fetus interactions while modulating the functional adaptability for extra-uterine life during the perinatal period [25][26] . Early studies [27] have demonstrated sexual differentiation in SYT cavies and possible masculinization in female genital organs.…”

Effects of the application of therapeutic massage in children with cancer: a systematic review

“…The treatment of this pathology in conventional protocols use isolated or combined 4 - 6 . antineoplastic drugs, radiotherapy and surgery according to the type 1 .…”

Effectiveness and Safety of Clofarabine Monotherapy or Combination Treatment in Relapsed/Refractory Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Pragmatic, Non-interventional Study in Korea

“…In new pediatric ALL cases, use of modern treatment strategies such as improved risk stratification based on prognostic factors, newer treatment modalities, and adjustments in treatment regimen intensities have resulted in a 5-year event-free survival rate of approximately 80%, and 5-year survival rate approaching 90%, one of the highest in any pediatric cancers in developed nations [6,7]. However, 15%-20% of patients with pediatric ALL experience relapse during or after the first treatment [8,9].…”