Advancement in protocol for in vitro seed germination, regeneration, bulblet maturation, and acclimatization of Fritillaria persica

Abstract

IntroductionThe genus Fritillaria (Liliaceae) is an important geophytic taxon with more than 100 species and wide distribution in different climatic zones ranging from southern Europe to the Middle East (Le Nard and De Hertogh, 1993), including Turkey (Bryan, 2002). In Turkey, there are 35 species representing 48 taxa of Fritillaria, and it is ranked 4th after Allium, Iris, and Crocus. Most of the Fritillaria species in Turkey are endemic. The plants flower during spring and are widely accepted as ornamental plants due to their attractive flowers (Le Nard and De Hertogh, 1993). Besides that, the Fritillaria species are used as medicinal plants (Rønsted et al., 2005;Wang et al., 2005) in traditional Chinese medicine (Li et al., 2001) due to a wide array of alkaloids with interesting phytochemical properties.Persian lily (Fritillaria persica) is found mainly in Hatay, Mersin, and Adıyaman provinces of Turkey, as well as in Lebanon, Jordan, and Iran at 700 m to 2800 m above sea level. The bulbs are 3-5 cm in diameter with 2-3 succulent leaves. The plant has 10-25 leaves, which are approximately 15 cm long and 3 cm wide. It bears 7-20 purple bell-shaped flowers, growing in racemose position. The plant can grow up to 20-60 cm in height (Ulug et al., 2010).Conventional plant production methods currently used for the Fritillaria species are seed or bulb propagation. These propagation techniques have certain disadvantages such as very low or unpredictable germination of seeds due to physiological dormancy (Baskin and Baskin, 2004), with weak seedlings, low survival rate, and slow growth, which may take 3-4 years for bulblet maturation (Le Nard and De Hertogh, 1993). Apart from this, a limited availability of bulblets from nature (Subotić et al., 2010) also makes it difficult to get sufficient material to propagate these ornamental species. These limitations suggest the need to develop alternative propagation methods (Ulug et al., 2010) for commercial production of these valuable species.A number of regeneration protocols have been reported for different Fritillaria species by

In Vitro Culture of Eremurus spectabilis (Liliaceae), a Rare Ornamental and Medicinal Plant, through Root Explants

“…In vitro mass micropropagation techniques have been considered a promising procedure for the multiplication of valuable, hard-to-propagate and endangered wild species [12]. Although in vitro regeneration studies have been performed on many genera from the Liliaceae family, such as Aloe, Lilium, Chlorophytum, Feritillaria, and Scilla [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], only a few studies have reported on the in vitro regeneration of E. spectabilis worldwide [21,22]. In a recent article [21], the leaf and rhizome explants of E. spectabilis were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media [23], supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D).…”

In vitro germination and bulblet and shoot propagation for wild edible Eremurus spectabilis M.Bieb.

“…In another study, maximum number of shoots (13.2 shoots) of bulblet pieces of Scilla hyacinthina was obtained from 2 mg L -1 TDZ-supplemented MS medium (Kamaleswari et al, 2016). Complying with the findings of the above-mentioned reports (Haibin and Jiajun, 2006;Yang et al, 2010;Sun and Jin, 2011;Zhang and Jia, 2014;Çakmak et al, 2016;Kamaleswari et al, 2016), in the second and third set of my experiments (Table 3 and 4), bulblet and shoot regeneration were achieved from in vitro-developed bulblet segments at varying ratios based on PGR combinations.…”

“…In previous in vitro propagation studies conducted with different species, more successful bulblet and shoot regeneration were generally achieved in BA + NAA (Haibin and Jiajun, 2006;Yang et al, 2010;Sun and Jin, 2011;Zhang and Jia, 2014;Razib et al, 2016), BAP + NAA (Tang et al, 2009;Choudhary et al, 2011), only BAP, (Nurashikin et al, 2010;Jakhar et al, 2012;Kamaleswari et al, 2016;Pandey, 2016) or TDZcontaining (Çakmak et al, 2016;Kamaleswari et al, 2016) MS media. Generally, in the second and third set of my experiments, 0.5 mg L -1 BAP-containing MS media and TDZ + NAA combinations yielded more successful bulblet and shoot formations (Table 3 and 4).…”

In vitro culture as a powerful method for conserving Iranian ornamental geophytes

“…Despite various results being obtained for the survival of explants recovered from cryostorage at the beginning of establishing this new technique, efficient cryptoprotocols have only been established and developed over time (Pacheco et al, 2016). According to a previous study, Banciu and coworkers (2010) investigated the in vi- -Gabbiesh et al (2006) Scilla autumnalis in vitro grown seedling bulblet formation Banciu et al (2010) Lilium ledebourii scale bulblet formation Azadi and Khosh-Khui (2007) Fritillaria persica leaf disk, leaf scale, and bulblet regeneration and bulblet formation Cakmak et al, (2016) Fritillaria persica petal bulblet regeneration Mohammadi-Dehcheshmeh et al, (2008) Fritillaria persica scale, leaf primordial, and petal indirect organogenesis Rahimi et al (2013) Cyclamen spp.…”

“…gloriosoides Baker, a native and rare perennial bulbous plant that only exists at the 150-660 m altitudes in the northern part of Taiwan (Bakhshaie et al, 2016;Chang et al, 2000). Many propagation methods were employed to find a fast and applicable method of propagation for Fritillaria persica (Cakmak et al, 2016;Ebrahimie et al, 2006;Genders, 1973;Mohammadi-Dehcheshmeh et al, 2007;Rahimi et al, 2013) and such studies were conducted after a notice (warning) had been issued informing that this species should be protected (Uluğ et al, 2010). Ebrahimie and coworkers (2006) reported that Fritillaria species such as F. imperialis are in danger of extinction in Iran.…”