Advanced oxidation processes for the removal of cyanobacterial toxins from drinking water

Abstract

Drinking water production faces many different challenges with one of them being naturally produced cyanobacterial toxins. Since pollutants become more abundant and persistent today, conventional water treatment is often no longer sufficient to provide adequate removal. Among other emerging technologies, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have a great potential to appropriately tackle this issue. This review addresses the economic and health risks posed by cyanotoxins and discusses their removal from drinking water by AOPs. The current state of knowledge on AOPs and their application for cyanotoxin degradation is synthesized to provide an overview on available techniques and effects of water quality, toxin-and technique-specific parameters on their degradation efficacy. The different AOPs are compared based on their efficiency and applicability, considering economic, practical and environmental aspects and their potential to generate toxic disinfection byproducts. For future research, more relevant studies to include the degradation of less-explored cyanotoxins, toxin mixtures in actual surface water, assessment of residual toxicity and scale-up are recommended. Since actual surface water most likely contains more than just cyanotoxins, a multi-barrier approach consisting of a series of different physical, biological and chemical-especially oxidativetreatment steps is inevitable to ensure safe and high-quality drinking water.

Kinetics of Microcystin-LR Removal in a Real Lake Water by UV/H2O2 Treatment and Analysis of Specific Energy Consumption

“…Therefore, a direct comparison with other research is difficult to make. However, although there are not many literature data on E EO related to the removal of MC-LR and most of those reported do not evaluate the energetic consumption related to the use of oxidants, the values obtained are of the same order of magnitude as those reported by Schneider and Bláha (2020) [47].…”

“…Toxins 2020,12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 18 most of those reported do not evaluate the energetic consumption related to the use of oxidants, the values obtained are of the same order of magnitude as those reported by Schneider and Bláha (2020)[47].…”

Phytoremediation of CYN, MC-LR and ANTX-a from Water by the Submerged Macrophyte Lemna trisulca

“…Water eutrophication and increased CyanoHABs formation are two of the largest problems for aquatic environments. Many physicochemical and mechanical methods have been created and developed to prevent, mitigate, and eliminate cyanobacteria and their toxins from water bodies [6,25]. All these methods eliminate toxins and cyanobacterial cells within a relatively short time but require the appropriate infrastructure and investment of money.…”

Wildfires in the western United States are mobilizing PM2.5-associated nutrients and may be contributing to downwind cyanobacteria blooms

“…Cyanobacteria blooms can produce cyanotoxins, such as microcystins 127 and cylindrospermopsin, 128 both of which have health advisory levels for safe consumption in drinking water (1.6 μg L −1 for microcystin 129 and 3 μg L −1 for cylindrospermopsin). 130 These toxins require purification, often by oxidation 131 or ozonolysis, 132 when present in drinking water supplies. For example, toxic algae blooms in Oregon's Detroit Lake contained cylindrospermopsin and microcystin, which impacted drinking water for 200 000 people in the surrounding communities in 2018.…”