As the climate warms, wildfire activity is increasing,
posing a
risk to human health. Studies have reported on particulate matter
(PM) in wildfire smoke, yet the chemicals associated with PM have
received considerably less attention. Here, we analyzed 13 years (2006–2018)
of PM2.5 chemical composition data from monitors in California
on smoke-impacted days. Select chemicals (e.g., aluminum and sulfate)
were statistically elevated on smoke-impacted days in over half of
the years studied. Other chemicals, mostly trace metals harmful to
human health (e.g., copper and lead), were elevated during particular
fires only. For instance, in 2018, lead was more than 40 times higher
on smoke days on average at the Point Reyes monitoring station, due
mostly to the Camp Fire, burning approximately 200 km away. There
was an association between these metals and the combustion of anthropogenic
material (e.g., the burning of houses and vehicles). Although still
currently rare, these infrastructure fires are likely becoming more
common and can mobilize trace metals in smoke far downwind, at levels
generally unseen except in the most polluted areas of the country.
We hope a better understanding of the chemicals in wildfire smoke
will assist in the communication and reduction of public health risks.
Abstract. Cirrus clouds composed of small ice crystals are often the first solid
matter encountered by sunlight as it streams into Earth's atmosphere. A
broad array of recent research has emphasized that photon particle
scattering calculations are very sensitive to ice particle morphology,
complexity, and surface roughness. Uncertain variations in these parameters
have major implications for successfully parameterizing the radiative
ramifications of cirrus clouds in climate models. To date, characterization
of the microscale details of cirrus particle morphology has been limited by
the particles' inaccessibility and technical difficulty in capturing imagery
with sufficient resolution. Results from a new experimental system achieve
much higher-resolution images of cirrus ice particles than existing airborne-particle imaging systems. The novel system (Ice Cryo-Encapsulation by
Balloon, ICE-Ball) employs a balloon-borne payload with environmental
sensors and hermetically sealed cryo-encapsulation cells. The payload
captures ice particles from cirrus clouds, seals them, and returns them via
parachute for vapor-locked transfer onto a cryo-scanning electron microscopy
stage (cryo-SEM). From 2015–2019, the ICE-Ball system has successfully
yielded high-resolution particle images on nine cirrus-penetrating flights.
On several flights, including one highlighted here in detail, thousands of
cirrus particles were retrieved and imaged, revealing unanticipated particle
morphologies, extensive habit heterogeneity, multiple scales of mesoscopic
roughening, a wide array of embedded aerosol particles, and even greater
complexity than expected.
Wildfire activity is increasing in the continental U.S. and can be linked to climate change effects, including rising temperatures and more frequent drought conditions. Wildfire emissions and large fire frequency...
Abstract. Cirrus clouds composed of small ice crystals are often the first solid matter encountered by sunlight as it streams into Earth’s atmosphere. A broad array of recent research has emphasized that photon-particle scattering calculations are very sensitive to ice particle morphology, complexity, and surface roughness. Uncertain variations in these parameters have major implications for successfully parameterizing the radiative ramifications of cirrus clouds in climate models. To date, characterization of the microscale details of cirrus particle morphology has been limited by the particles’ inaccessibility and technical difficulty in capturing imagery with sufficient resolution. Results from a new experimental system achieve much higher resolution images of cirrus ice particles than existing airborne particle imaging systems. The novel system (Ice Cryo-Encapsulation by Balloon, ICE-Ball) employs a balloon-borne payload with environmental sensors and hermetically-sealed cryo-encapsulation cells. The payload captures ice particles from cirrus clouds, seals them, and returns them via parachute for vapor-locked transfer onto a cryo-scanning electron microscopy stage (cryo-SEM). From 2016–2019, the ICE-Ball system has successfully yielded high resolution particle images on nine cirrus-penetrating flights. On several flights, including one highlighted here in detail, thousands of cirrus particles were retrieved and imaged, revealing unanticipated particle morphologies, extensive habit heterogeneity, multiple scales of mesoscale roughening, a wide array of embedded aerosol particles, and even greater complexity than expected.
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