“…) ,− or valve-metal (e.g., Ti, W, Nb, Zr, Ta, etc. )-coated Si substrates, − and transparent indium thin oxide (ITO). − AAOs formed by anodizing thin Al films on substrates have been utilized not only as patterning masks, but also as templates for fabricating various functional nanostructures, including arrays of Si nanoholes, carbon nanotubes (CNT), magnetic nanowires, , thermoelectric nanowires, photocatalytic nanowires or nanotubes, , and valve-metal oxide nanodots or nanorods. ,,, …”