Adult neurogenesis 20 years later: physiological function vs. brain repair

Peretto, Paolo; Bonfanti, Luca

doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00071

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Recent work carried out in dolphins, namely, mammals devoid of olfaction, and brain olfactory structures, showed that no periventricular neurogenesis is detectable after birth in these large-brained, long-living mammals ( 40 , 45 ). Taken together, the results obtained in human and dolphins strengthen the view that neurogenic processes in mammals are strictly linked to specific physiological functions (e.g., olfaction) rather than to brain repair [see ( 46 )].…”

Section: Differences In Brain Plasticity Among Mammalssupporting

confidence: 71%

Brain Plasticity in Mammals: An Example for the Role of Comparative Medicine in the Neurosciences

Rosa

Bonfanti

2018

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Comparative medicine deals with similarities and differences between veterinary and human medicine. All mammals share most basic cellular and molecular mechanisms, thus justifying murine animal models in a translational perspective; yet “mice are not men,” thus some biases can emerge when complex biological processes are concerned. Brain plasticity is a cutting-edge, expanding topic in the field of Neurosciences with important translational implications, yet, with remarkable differences among mammals, as emerging from comparative studies. In particular, adult neurogenesis (the genesis of new neurons from brain stem cell niches) is a life-long process in laboratory rodents but a vestigial, mostly postnatal remnant in humans and dolphins. Another form of “whole cell” plasticity consisting of a population of “immature” neurons which are generated prenatally but continue to express markers of immaturity during adulthood has gained interest more recently, as a reservoir of young neurons in the adult brain. The distribution of the immature neurons also seems quite heterogeneous among different animal species, being confined within the paleocortex in rodents while extending into neocortex in other mammals. A recent study carried out in sheep, definitely showed that gyrencephalic, large-sized brains do host higher amounts of immature neurons, also involving subcortical, white, and gray matter regions. Hence, “whole cell” plasticity such as adult neurogenesis and immature neurons are biological processes which, as a whole, cannot be studied exclusively in laboratory rodents, but require investigation in comparative medicine, involving large-sized, long-living mammals, in order to gain insights for translational purposes.

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Section: Differences In Brain Plasticity Among Mammalssupporting

confidence: 71%

Brain Plasticity in Mammals: An Example for the Role of Comparative Medicine in the Neurosciences

Rosa

Bonfanti

2018

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Neurogenesis and gliogenesis produce neurons and glia that can integrate within some regions of the mature brain. The newly generated cells can mediate certain types of plasticity, but the biological significance of neurogenesis and gliogenesis is regional/source dependent [ 10 , 12 ]. Malfunction of such processes is found to be associated with some neurological and psychiatric diseases [ 1 ].…”

Section: Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis In The Adult Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, in non-human mammals, parenchymal cell genesis has been identified as a potential mechanism for producing neuronal progenitors. The beneficial features of parenchymal progenitors are their abundance and widespread distribution [ 10 , 81 , 82 ]. Although newly produced cells demonstrate a propensity to differentiate, their functional integration may be restricted by the inherent features of the mature parenchyma [ 10 , 81 , 82 ].…”

Section: Parenchymal and Periventricular Cell Genesis In Adult Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The beneficial features of parenchymal progenitors are their abundance and widespread distribution [ 10 , 81 , 82 ]. Although newly produced cells demonstrate a propensity to differentiate, their functional integration may be restricted by the inherent features of the mature parenchyma [ 10 , 81 , 82 ]. The fate of the parenchymal progenitors depends on the environment of the specific brain regions in which they are generated [ 21 ] and consequently can be influenced by extrinsic factors.…”

Section: Parenchymal and Periventricular Cell Genesis In Adult Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the information in this field was obtained from rodent studies. Although these findings are instrumental in our understanding, they are not directly applicable to the human brain, mainly due to differences in the neurorestoration capacities of different species [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. The purpose of this review is to bring together available evidence on adult neurogenesis and gliogenesis, and to explore the potential application of new findings to human CNS diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adult Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis: Possible Mechanisms for Neurorestoration

et al. 2016

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The subgranular zone (SGZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ) are developmental remnants of the germinal regions of the brain, hence they retain the ability to generate neuronal progenitor cells in adult life. Neurogenesis in adult brain has an adaptive function because newly produced neurons can integrate into and modify existing neuronal circuits. In contrast to the SGZ and SVZ, other brain regions have a lower capacity to produce new neurons, and this usually occurs via parenchymal and periventricular cell genesis. Compared to neurogenesis, gliogenesis occurs more prevalently in the adult mammalian brain. Under certain circumstances, interaction occurs between neurogenesis and gliogenesis, facilitating glial cells to transform into neuronal lineage. Therefore, modulating the balance between neurogenesis and gliogenesis may present a new perspective for neurorestoration, especially in diseases associated with altered neurogenesis and/or gliogenesis, cell loss, or disturbed homeostasis of cellular constitution. The present review discusses important neuroanatomical features of adult neurogenesis and gliogenesis, aiming to explore how these processes could be modulated toward functional repair of the adult brain.

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Vitamin D 3 protects against Aβ peptide cytotoxicity in differentiated human neuroblastoma SH- SY5Y cells: A role for S1P1/p38MAPK/ATF4 axis

et al. 2017

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Besides its classical function of bone metabolism regulation, 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)D), acts on a variety of tissues including the nervous system, where the hormone plays an important role as neuroprotective, antiproliferating and differentiating agent. Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids that play critical and complex roles in regulating cell fate. In the present paper we have investigated whether sphingolipids are involved in the protective action of 1,25(OH)D We have found that 1,25(OH)D prevents amyloid-β peptide (Aβ(1-42)) cytotoxicity both in differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and in vivo. In differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, Aβ(1-42) strongly reduces the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)/ceramide (Cer) ratio while 1,25(OH)D partially reverts this effect. 1,25(OH)D reverts also the Aβ(1-42)-induced reduction of sphingosine kinase activity. We have also studied the crosstalk between 1,25(OH)D and S1P signaling pathways downstream to the activation of S1P receptor subtype S1P1. Notably, we found that 1,25(OH)D prevents the reduction of S1P1 expression promoted by Aβ(1-42) and thereby it modulates the downstream signaling leading to ER stress damage (p38MAPK/ATF4). Similar effects were observed by using ZK191784. In addition, chronic treatment with 1,25(OH)D protects from aggregated Aβ(1-42)-induced damage in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus and promotes cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of adult mice. In conclusion, these results represent the first evidence of the role of 1,25(OH)D and its structural analogue ZK191784 in counteracting the Aβ(1-42) peptide-induced toxicity through the modulation of S1P/S1P1/p38MAPK/ATF4 pathway in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells.

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Adult neurogenesis 20 years later: physiological function vs. brain repair

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Brain Plasticity in Mammals: An Example for the Role of Comparative Medicine in the Neurosciences

Brain Plasticity in Mammals: An Example for the Role of Comparative Medicine in the Neurosciences

Adult Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis: Possible Mechanisms for Neurorestoration

Vitamin D 3 protects against Aβ peptide cytotoxicity in differentiated human neuroblastoma SH- SY5Y cells: A role for S1P1/p38MAPK/ATF4 axis

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