Adult attachment style and the perception of others: The role of projective mechanisms.

Mikulincer, Mario; Horesh, Netta

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.1022

Cited by 126 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 34 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In a way, this permits individuals to retreat to safe havens by reducing the range of their action and seeking refuge in close social networks while at the same time directing individual and group aggression toward perceived threats. However, a related negative consequence of this shift toward self-protectiveness is that negative affect and information often are projected onto others (Mikulincer & Horesh, 1999;Pyszczynski, Greenberg, & Solomon, 1999), resulting in increased black-and-white thinking, stereotyping, and polarization among in-groups and out-groups (e.g., Paulhus & Lim, 1994). Erikson (1984) referred to these ways of simplifying psychological complexity as pseudo-speciation -the exclusion of others from the circle of humanity in which one includes oneself.…”

Section: Dynamic Integration Of Affect Optimization and Affect Complementioning

confidence: 99%

Six-year change in affect optimization and affect complexity across the adult life span: A further examination.

Labouvie‐Vief

Diehl

Jain

et al. 2007

Psychology and Aging

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study examines the life course of 2 independent components of adult affective development, 1 aimed at differentiation and complexity, the other aimed at optimization and positive emotional balance. These 2 components are predicted to have different developmental trajectories over the adult life span and to become related in a compensatory fashion under conditions of resource restrictions, such as those related to late life. Using individual growth curve estimation, we modeled 6-year longitudinal changes in the 2 components in a total sample of 388 individuals ranging in age from 15 to 88 years. As predicted, initial level of affect optimization was positively associated with age up to late middle age with a subsequent leveling off; individual rates of change were found to decelerate with age up to age 60 years and accelerate again around age 80 years. For affect complexity, initial level of affect complexity was positively associated with age up to age 45 years and negatively associated with age from then on, whereas individual rates of change were negatively associated with age, and this association tended to get stronger with age.

show abstract

Section: Dynamic Integration Of Affect Optimization and Affect Complementioning

confidence: 99%

Six-year change in affect optimization and affect complexity across the adult life span: A further examination.

Labouvie‐Vief

Diehl

Jain

et al. 2007

Psychology and Aging

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, researchers of close relationships have observed that people project not only self-views onto their partners but also their general attitudes toward the relationship (Aron, Aron, Tudor, & Nelson, 1991;Murray, Holmes, & Griffin, 1996), and Mikulincer and Horesh (1999) demonstrated that people's attachment styles affect what self-views they are projecting onto others. Finally, Feshbach (1963) and Goldings (1954) reported on the projection of emotions (i.e., general action tendencies) onto others.…”

Section: Goal Projectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, the projection of an undesirable goal onto similar others might reduce felt responsibility for possessing this goal and thus should foster looking down on others. Furthermore, Mikulincer and Horesh (1999) suggested that projecting an undesirable or negative goal onto others may fulfill an underlying tendency to distance oneself from others. Ultimately, then, the projection of undesirable goals may lead to a deterioration of group cohesiveness for the in-group or to greater distinction between the in-group and the out-group.…”

Section: Implications For Interpersonal Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although goal projection can have problematic consequences for interpersonal behavior if the projector possesses and projects an undesirable goal, the projection of desirable goals might promote harmonious interactions. Mikulincer and Horesh (1999) suggested that projective identification (i.e., the projection of positive aspects that define one's actual self) increases perceived self-other similarity and fulfills the desire to feel close to others. In support of this notion, it has been demonstrated that projective identification occurs after separation or loss (Segal, 1975) and is driven by a desire to form emotional ties with others (Klein, 1940).…”

Section: Implications For Interpersonal Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Projection of Implicit and Explicit Goals.

Kawada¹,

Oettingen²,

Gollwitzer³

et al. 2004

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

122

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In 3 studies, the authors analyzed whether projection occurs for both conscious and nonconscious goals. In Experiment 1, participants who were predisposed to hold a learning goal over a performance goal rated others as possessing more of a learning goal. In Experiment 2, participants who were either implicitly primed with or explicitly assigned to have the goal to compete perceived others as striving for competitive goals more than control participants. In Experiment 3, the authors demonstrated that it was the actual goal to compete rather than the trait construct of competitiveness that was projected. The control of automatic goal projection effects is discussed, and interpersonal consequences of goal projection are delineated.In its most general sense, projection refers to ascribing one's own characteristics onto others. The classical definition of projection, though, refers to a more motivational process by which individuals ascribe their own negative characteristics onto others, while also denying these same characteristics in themselves (Freud, 1915(Freud, /1953. In this sense, projection acts as a defense mechanism that lessens the discomfort caused by possession of these undesirable characteristics by thrusting "forth upon the external world whatever within itself gives rise to pain [i.e., the process of projection]" (Freud, 1915(Freud, /1953). Types of ProjectionAccording to D. S. Holmes (1968), there are two main dimensions of projection: one that deals with the content of what is being projected and the other that deals with the awareness of possessing the projected personal characteristics. Regarding the content dimension of projection, individuals can either project onto others the exact same attribute that they possess (e.g., Eric is generous, and he also sees others as being generous) or they can project onto others an attribute that bears a causal relation to the one that they possess (e.g., Eric is frightened, and he sees others as frightening). Regarding the awareness dimension of projection, the projector is either aware or not aware of possessing the personal characteristic that is being projected.On the basis of these two dimensions (i.e., content and awareness), Holmes (1968;Holmes & McCaul, 1989) discusses three types of projection: attributive, complementary, and similarity projection. In attributive projection, an individual possesses a certain attribute, is aware that he or she possesses it, and then projects it onto another person (Bramel, 1963;Edlow & Kiesler, 1966;Feshbach & Singer, 1957). In similarity projection, an individual possesses a certain attribute and projects it onto another person but is not aware of its possession. And last, in complementary projection, the individual possesses a certain attribute, is aware of possessing it, and then projects the cause of it onto others. For all of these types of projection, it is assumed that the person remains unaware of the projection process.

show abstract

“…Así, el tipo de apoyo proporcionado por el cuidador (a) influirá en el establecimiento de relaciones afectivas con los pares y en parejas futuras (Penagos, Rodríguez y Carrillo, 2005); en ese sentido la investigación sobre el apego en las relaciones de pareja adultas delimita tres principales tipos de vínculos afectivos (Hazan y Shaver, 1987): a) El apego seguro tiene características de un cuidador disponible, receptivo y cálido, que le genera confianza en sí mismo y en los demás, manteniendo relaciones de pareja duraderas y satisfactorias; b) el apego inseguro (ansioso-ambivalente) presenta a un cuidador insensible, intrusivo e inconsistente, ocasionando en el individuo la capacidad de mantener una relación afectiva a largo plazo anteponiendo sus deseos personales y profesionales, y c) el apego evitativo que representa a una persona segura debido a que se logra desprender fácilmente de una madre que manifestó conductas de rechazo, rigidez, hostilidad y aversión al contacto durante su cuidado; lo que conforma a una persona que trata de mantener una distancia emocional con su pareja (Márquez, Rivera y Reyes, 2009;Mikulincer y Horesh, 1999).…”

Section: La Teoría Del Apego Y Las Relaciones De Pareja En Adolescentesunclassified

Apego Y Ciber-Violencia en La Pareja De Adolescentes

García-Sánchez

Guevara-Martínez

Rojas-Solís

et al. 2017

Revista INFAD de Psicología

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

RESUMENLa ciber-violencia de pareja es un creciente fenómeno que afecta a jóvenes y adolescentes (Borrajo, Gámez-Guadix, Pereda y Calvete, 2015) que puede estar precipitado o modulado por el estilo de apego predominante en una relación de pareja (Rubio-Garay, Carrasco, Amor y López-González, 2015). Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación es explorar si existe una relación entre el tipo de apego adulto y la vivencia de ciber-violencia en relaciones de pareja de adolescentes mexicanos. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal, con diseño no experimental y ex post facto. Participaron 726 estudiantes mexicanos (397 mujeres y 329 hombres), con edades entre los 14 y 19 años de edad (M= 16.17; DT= 0.99). Resultados: Los hombres señalaron mayores niveles de control sufrido y agresión directa, tanto cometida como sufrida. No se encontraron fuertes asociaciones entre la ciber-violencia de pareja con el apego adulto. Conclusiones: Se discuten los resultados y se señala la conveniencia del estudio de otras modalidades de ciber-violencia de pareja y su co-ocurrencia con otras formas de violencia, para favorecer la propuesta o mejora de programas de prevención basados en las nuevas tendencias de comportamiento y relaciones afectivas de adolescentes y jóvenes. Palabras clave: Ciber violencia; Pareja; Apego; Adolescentes; Mexicanos. ABSTRACTAttachment and cyber-violence in dating of teenage Cyber dating violence is a growing phenomenon affecting young people and adolescents (Borrajo, Gámez-Guadix, Pereda and Calvete, 2015) which may be modulated or precipitated by the predominant attachment style in a relationship (Rubio-Garay, Carrasco, Amor and López-González, 2015). Therefore, the objective of this research is to explore if there is a relationship between the type of adult attachment and the experience of cyber-violence in Mexican teenage dating relationships. Methodology. Quantitative and cross-sectional study with non-experimental and ex post facto design. Participants were 726 Mexican students (397 women and 329 men) aged 14-19 years (M = 16.17, SD = 0.99). Results: Men suffered more control and direct aggression committed and suffered. No strong associations were found between cyber dating violence and adult attachment. Conclusions: Results pointed out the convenience of studying other forms of cyber-violence of the couple and their co-occurrence with other forms of violence, in order to promote or improve prevention programs based on new trends in behavior and affective relationships of adolescents and young people.

show abstract

Adult attachment style and the perception of others: The role of projective mechanisms.

Cited by 126 publications

References 34 publications

Six-year change in affect optimization and affect complexity across the adult life span: A further examination.

Six-year change in affect optimization and affect complexity across the adult life span: A further examination.

The Projection of Implicit and Explicit Goals.

Apego Y Ciber-Violencia en La Pareja De Adolescentes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About