Adsorption of SARS CoV-2 spike proteins on various functionalized surfaces correlates with the high transmissibility of Delta and Omicron variants

COVID-DSNet: A novel deep convolutional neural network for detection of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) cases from CT and Chest X-Ray images

“…COVID-19, another strain of SARS-CoV-2 infection, is an enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA virus that can cause severe pneumonia and severe acute respiratory distress in humans, which can be fatal [1] , [2] . Like other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), COVID-19 consists of four structural proteins: spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) [3] . The viral envelope's S, E, and M proteins consist of a lipid bilayer, while the N protein holds the RNA genome [3] .…”

“…Like other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), COVID-19 consists of four structural proteins: spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) [3] . The viral envelope's S, E, and M proteins consist of a lipid bilayer, while the N protein holds the RNA genome [3] . Many viruses bind to the cell membrane of the host cells and the receptors of the cells with viral glycoproteins, allowing the viruses to attach to the host cells [4] .…”

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein (RBD) Subunit Adsorption at Abiotic Surfaces and Corona Formation at Polymer Particles

“…In Ref. [ 20 ], the adsorption kinetics of the S1 and S2 subunits on gold sensors modified by various self-assembling layers was investigated by the quartz microbalance (QCM) for various pHs. The coverage of protein layers calculated using the Sauerbrey equation assumed the largest value of 7.3 mg m −2 at pH 7.4.…”

A high-frequency QCM biosensing platform for label-free detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain: an aptasensor and an immunosensor

“…It is noted that 1 pg mL −1 RBD corresponds to 1832 Hz of the HF-QCM aptasensor (1 pg mL −1 RBD corresponds to 1057 Hz of the HF-QCM immunosensor). However, for the low-frequency (5 MHz) QCMs, 0.05 mg mL −1 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S1 subunit) corresponded to 10–90 Hz, 25 and 0.468 mg mL −1 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein corresponded to 130–160 Hz. 27 These results mean that the developed HF-QCM (100 MHz) aptasensor and immunosensor have much higher sensitivity than the low-frequency (5 MHz) QCMs.…”

“…23,24 In the past three years, several studies have been reported for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 based on QCM techniques. [25][26][27] However, those studies are based on quartz crystals with a low fundamental resonance frequency (5 MHz), which are limited by the problems of viscosity and water-mass effects, resulting in low sensitivity of the sensor. 28,29 It was reported that the high-frequency QCM sensing technology successfully solved the above problems, and improved obviously the detection sensitivity due to the high fundamental resonance frequency.…”