“…Under light irradiation, semiconductor photocatalysts such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) [4,5], zinc oxide (ZnO) [6,7], copper oxide (CuO) [8,9] and cerium oxide (CeO2) [10,11] have been employed extensively for the degradation of dyes such as methylene blue. TiO2 has been widely utilized as a low-cost photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue in water due to its high electron mobility [12,13], long carrier life [14], chemical stability [15], wide radiation absorption range [16], high photosensitivity [17], and non-toxicity [18]. TiO2 with a band gap energy of 3.3 eV at 300 K is common in the earth's crust and acts as a photocatalyst when exposed to ultraviolet light [19].…”