Adsorption and Kinetic Parameters for Synthesis of Methyl Nonanoate over Heterogeneous Catalysts

Abstract

Methyl nonanoate was synthesized in a batch reactor by esterification of nonanoic acid with methanol catalyzed by the cation exchange resins, Dowex 50Wx2, Amberlyst 35, and Amberlyst 15. The effect of various parameters such as speed of agitation, catalyst loading, molar ratio, and reaction temperature on degree of conversion has been reported. The conversion of nonanoic acid to methyl nonanoate was found to increase with an increase in temperature in the range of 303.15−333.15 K and the increase was appreciable with an excess use of methanol in the reaction mixture. Nonideality of the liquid phase was taken into account by using activities instead of concentration. The activity coefficients were calculated using the UNIFAC group contribution method. The possible mechanism of reaction was mathematically treated using theories of the Eley−Rideal model based on inhibition by water and methanol on the Amberlyst 15. The reaction rate constants and the adsorption coefficients for methanol and water were determined from the experimental data established at three different temperatures for the effect of initial concentration of acid and alcohol. The kinetics reported in this study was obtained under conditions free of both external and internal mass transfer resistance. Activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the reaction were found to be 47.6 kJ mol −1 and 3.2 × 10 4 L 2 g −1 mol −1 h −1 , respectively.

Esterification of High Free Fatty Acid Rice Bran Oil: Parametric and Kinetic Study

“…This shows that the esterification rate increases with the molar ratio. Similar trends were obtained in other research on esterification of nonanoic acid and lactic acid 21,22 . There was no significant increase in conversion when the molar ratio increased beyond 1:20.…”

Kinetic modelling of the solventless synthesis of solketal with a sulphonic ion exchange resin

“…These values concur with the chemical reaction being the controlling step, for activation energies are usually within the range from 40 to 200 kJ/mol for chemical reaction-controlled processes. The heat of adsorption of water deduced was 128.0 ± 21.4 kJ/mol, which is approximately twice as much as those reported on an Amberlyst 35 resin for the solvent-assisted ketalization of glycerol, 64.7 kJ/ mol [36], or an Amberlyst 15 for the esterification of nonanoic acid with methanol, 60.7 kJ/mol [60].…”

Synthesis of furan derivatives via cascade-type reactions catalyzed by solid acids

“…Further information as well as a detailed analysis of each of the stages mentioned in the previous paragraph is also provided in Supplementary Information. Detailed reaction pathways occurring during the proposed mechanism of reaction: [25,26], acetal formations [27], etherifications [28], and also olefins condensations [29], among others.…”

“…Selection of these materials obeys to their well-known properties when used as catalysts in acid-type reactions. On one hand, ion-exchange polymeric resins, and particularly Amberlyst ® 15, have largely been used as acid catalysts in a wide range of organic reactions, such as esterifications [25,26], acetal formations [27], etherifications [28], and also olefin condensations [29]. On the other hand, zeolitic materials have extensively been used for several years in different acidcatalyzed reactions, such as hydrocarbons cracking, alkylations, acylations, among others [30][31][32].…”