Adrenal Glucocorticoid Response to Exogenous Adrenocorticotropin Mediated by Density and Social Disruption in Lactating Cows

Friend, T.H.; Polan, C.E.; Gwazdauskas, F.C.; Heald, C.W.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(77)84128-3

Cited by 83 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…As a consequence, it may downregulate nonadaptive functions such as eating, growth, and reproduction (Chrousos, 2009). Many common farm practices induce acute stress responses in dairy cattle, such as handling (Cook et al, 2000), transportation (Lay et al, 1996), regrouping (Friend et al, 1977), dehorning (Stafford and Mellor, 2005), and overstocking (Friend et al, 1979). Prolonged or excessive activation of the HPA axis may result in chronic stress that can cause additional behavioral (Chrousos and Gold, 1992) and somatic disorders (Chrousos et al, 1998;Charmandari et al, 2005).…”

Section: Short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Short communication: Factors affecting hair cortisol concentrations in lactating dairy cows

Burnett

Madureira

Silper

et al. 2014

Journal of Dairy Science

101

104

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Cortisol has long been used as a marker of the stress response in animals. Cortisol can be analyzed from different media, most notably from the blood, saliva, and feces; however, the collection of cortisol from some of these media requires invasive procedures or excessive handling of the animals. Furthermore, it is not possible to capture long-term increases in circulating concentrations of cortisol from the blood, saliva, or feces. Hair cortisol has been found to be a reliable alternative for measuring chronic stress. With this emerging measure, appropriate sampling methodology must be developed and validated. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of hair color, sampling location, and processing method on cortisol concentrations in hair from lactating black and white Holstein cows (n=18). Furthermore, we aimed to measure the hair growth rates at different body locations (n=12) and test hair cortisol levels when resampled over short intervals (n=37). Both black- and white-colored hair was collected from the shoulder, top line, hip, and tail switch of Holsteins; due to breed characteristics only white hair was harvested from the tail switch. All samples were cleaned with water and isopropanol, and then ground in a ball mill or finely cut with scissors once dry. Cortisol was extracted with methanol before being measured using a commercially available ELISA kit. Concentrations of cortisol were greater in white than in black hair (7.8 ± 1.1 vs. 3.8 ± 1.1 pg/mg). When only white samples were analyzed, hair from the tail switch had more cortisol than hair from the shoulder (11.0 ± 1.2 vs. 6.2 ± 1.2 pg/mg), whereas no difference was found when compared with the hip and top line. Samples ground with a ball mill had greater concentrations of cortisol extracted than those minced with scissors (10.4 ± 1.2 vs. 4.7 ± 1.2 pg/mg). The growth rate of hair was significantly greater at the tail switch compared with the hip and shoulder (0.51 ± 0.05 vs. 0.04 ± 0.05 vs. 0.03 ± 0.05 mm/d). When hair was collected every 3 wk after calving, a tendency was detected for multiparous cows to have greater concentrations of hair cortisol and significantly greater concentrations of cortisol on d 0 and 21 after calving compared with d 42, 84, and 126. In Holsteins, the hair on the tail switch is always white, grows more rapidly than other sites, and is sensitive enough to capture changes in cortisol over intervals as short as 3 wk, making it the ideal location for measuring hair cortisol.

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Section: Short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Short communication: Factors affecting hair cortisol concentrations in lactating dairy cows

Burnett

Madureira

Silper

et al. 2014

Journal of Dairy Science

101

104

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“…Secondly, the activity of the adrenal cortex was measured after stimulation by exogenous ACTH. These methods are generally used to measure respectively the short-term effects of a given situation (Lachaux et al, 1983 ;Dantzer et al, 1983) and the long-term consequences of rearing conditions (Shayanfar et al, 1975 ;Smith, Hansel and Coppock, 1975 ;Friend et a/., 1977 ;Dantzer et al, 1983 Cabello and Levieux (1980). Intra-assay variation was 5 % for concentrations ranging between 100 and 200 ng/ml and 8 % for 20 ng/ml ; assay sensitivity was 0.05 ng/ml.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…2) (1975). This may be due to the fact that their animals were restrained for blood collection since Echternkamp (1984) (Venkataseshu and Estergreen, 1970 ;Friend et al, 1977 ;Friend, Gwazdauskas and Polan, 1979;Gwazdauskas et al, 1980;Dunlap et al, 1981) (from 50 to 90 ng/ml). Apart from Gwazdauskas et al (1980) (Toutain et al, 1982).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cortisol responses to physical and pharmacological stimuli in heifers

Veissier¹,

Neindre²

1988

Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop.

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“…Most studies report an increase in adrenal response to ACTH challenge in loosehoused female cattle in response to longterm stressors [15][16][17] rather than a decrease [30]. We cannot, however, offer any firm conclusions on whether our heifers experienced chronic stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…However, most studies suggest that prolonged or repeated aversive situations induce a hypersensitivity of the adrenals of cattle. Tethered calves or bulls deprived of lying down have increased cortisol responses following the administration of Repeated regrouping of pair-housed heifers 133 ACTH [12,16,25]. Similarly, social stressors like mixing or free stall competition increase the cows' cortisol response to ACTH [17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated regrouping of pair-housed heifers around puberty affects their behavioural and HPA axis reactivities

et al. 2006

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-This paper analyses the consequences of repeated regrouping of dairy heifers according to their behaviour, stress physiology and production. Thirty-two Holstein heifers were housed in pairs. Between 11 and 13 months of age, half were subjected to 16 pen relocations each time with a new peer (regrouped heifers), while the other half remained in the same pen with the same peer (controls). The heifers were observed in standardised behavioural tests comprising sudden (opening of an umbrella), novel (an unfamiliar arena) or predator-related (dog) stimuli. All behavioural tests were conducted on three sessions between the 13th and the 16th regroupings. The functioning of the HPA axis was assessed through blockade by dexamethasone and stimulation by ACTH after the 14th regrouping and stimulation by CRF after the 15th regrouping. Weight gain was assessed during the regrouping period and reproduction (No. of inseminations before successful insemination) thereafter. Regrouped heifers reacted less than the controls to the umbrella (χ 2 = 8.23, P < 0.05). They started eating more quickly in the arena (F = 10.8, P < 0.01). In the presence of the dog, they were less active (F = 6.26, P < 0.05) and tended to look at the dog less often (F = 3.63, P < 0.10). The reduction in behavioural responses from one session to the next one was more pronounced in regrouped heifers (e.g. number of eating bouts: F (session × treatment) = 4.23, P < 0.05). Regrouped heifers had lower cortisol responses to CRF. In conclusion, repeatedly regrouped heifers appear less disturbed by unusual situations and habituate to those more quickly. According to the behaviour of heifers and as suggested by their lower cortisol responses, diversity rather than stability of the social environment appears more beneficial to them. été élevées par paires. Au sein de huit paires, les animaux ont changé de partenaires une à deux fois par semaine entre 11 et 13 mois d'âge, pour un total de 16 mélanges (génisses " mélangées "). Ces mélanges s'accompagnaient également de changements de parc. Les huit autres paires sont restées inchangées (génisses " témoins "). La réactivité comportementale a été mesurée en exposant les génisses à un événement soudain (ouverture d'un parapluie), à un environnement nouveau (alimentation dans un nouvel enclos) et à un prédateur (chien). Chaque test était répété trois fois, entre le 13 e et le 16 e mélange. Le fonctionnement de l'axe corticotrope a été évalué à l'aide d'un test de freination par la dexamethasone puis stimulation par l'ACTH après le 14 e mélange et par un test de stimulation au CRF après le 15 e mélange. Le gain de poids a été évalué par pesée hebdomadaire au cours des 16 mélanges. Par la suite, le nombre d'inséminations avant insémination fécondante a été relevé. Les génisses mélangées ont réagi à l'ouverture du parapluie moins fortement que les témoins (χ 2 = 8,23, P < 0,05). Elles ont commencé à manger plus rapidement dans l'enclos nouveau (F = 10,8, P < 0,01). En présence du chien, elles ont été moins actives (...

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Adrenal Glucocorticoid Response to Exogenous Adrenocorticotropin Mediated by Density and Social Disruption in Lactating Cows

Cited by 83 publications

References 25 publications

Short communication: Factors affecting hair cortisol concentrations in lactating dairy cows

Short communication: Factors affecting hair cortisol concentrations in lactating dairy cows

Cortisol responses to physical and pharmacological stimuli in heifers

Repeated regrouping of pair-housed heifers around puberty affects their behavioural and HPA axis reactivities

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