Cortisol responses to physical and pharmacological stimuli in heifers

Veissier, Isabelle; Neindre, Pierre Le

doi:10.1051/rnd:19880402

Cited by 31 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Thus, rat hypophysectomy sharply reduced CORT levels concurrently with the decline in STREX (3). Furthermore, bovine STREX levels are roughly half those of rats, and bovine serum cortisol levels are roughly 1͞10 of rat corticosterone levels (episodic and circadian oscillations notwithstanding), and ACTH levels are at least 5-fold lower (24)(25)(26)(27)(28). In addition, there is a developmental correlate in rats, with a decline of both CORT and STREX during the postnatal stress-hyporesponsive period, and a roughly concurrent recovery of both thereafter (unpublished data).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Opposing actions of adrenal androgens and glucocorticoids on alternative splicing of Slo potassium channels in bovine chromaffin cells

Lai

McCobb

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Pituitary ablation (hypophysectomy) in rats was previously reported to cause a precipitous change in the relative abundance of two alternative splice variants of the ''BK''-or ''Maxi K''-encoding Slo gene in adrenal chromaffin cells. Inclusion of the optional ''STREX'' exon (STRess axis-regulated EXon) in a C-terminal splice site was reduced, in preference to the variant lacking an insert at this site. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) injections prevented the drop in STREX inclusion, implicating stress-axis function, as opposed to other pituitary functions. Because ACTH promotes synthesis and release of glucocorticoids (corticosterone or cortisol, depending on species), we hypothesized that glucocorticoids applied directly would promote STREX inclusion. Contrary to predictions, we report that direct application of glucocorticoids to bovine cells in vitro decreased STREX inclusion. This effect was blocked by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486. As with glucocorticoids, synthesis and release of the adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) increases in response to stress or elevated ACTH levels in some species. We report that direct application of DHEA increased expression of the STREX variant in cultured bovine cells. Two other androgens, androstenedione and testosterone, had similar effects. We hypothesize that Slo splicing in adrenal chromaffin cells in vivo is differentially regulated by the integrative, concentration-and time-dependent actions of glucocorticoids and androgens, with potentially important ramifications for stress-evoked catecholamine secretion.A lternative splicing gives rise to ion-channel variety that underlies diversity in the intrinsic firing properties of excitable cells. In adrenal chromaffin cells, calcium-and voltagedependent BK channels are encoded by the Slo gene. Two splice variants at splice site 5 in Slo (Fig. 1B) occur in chromaffin cells, and these exhibit distinct functional properties when characterized in heterologous expression systems (1-3). Thus Slo channels with the optional STREX exon (STREX channels) activate faster and at more negative voltages and deactivate more slowly than those with no extra exon at this site (ZERO channels). Although BK-channel function is multifaceted, the facilitated activation of STREX-type Slo channels enhances repetitive firing in rat chromaffin cells by minimizing action potential duration and speeding recovery of Na channels from inactivation during the brief afterhyperpolarization (4).Although there are many other examples of channelalternative splicing, little is known about mechanisms regulating the decision. The incorporation of STREX into Slo transcripts has been shown in rats to decrease substantially after hypophysectomy. This phenomenon can be effectively prevented by injecting adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) (3). In classic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) function, perceived stress triggers the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and͞or arginine vasopressin (AVP) from the hypothalamus, which stimu...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Opposing actions of adrenal androgens and glucocorticoids on alternative splicing of Slo potassium channels in bovine chromaffin cells

Lai

McCobb

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…These seemingly contradictory results could be explained by an exaggerated stress response during sampling in PP cows that are less familiar with handling and the process of sample collection than MP cows. Previous work has shown that the average plasma cortisol concentration increases by about 20 ng/mL within 10 min of a heifer being introduced to a novel environment (Veissier and LeNeindre, 1988). It is possible that by the time heifers were sorted and restrained in headlocks many would have had elevated plasma cortisol concentrations before the collection of the blood sample.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of prepartum plasma cortisol, haptoglobin, fecal cortisol metabolites, and nonesterified fatty acids with postpartum health status in Holstein dairy cows

Huzzey

Nydam

Grant

et al. 2011

Journal of Dairy Science

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The association between negative energy balance and health has led to the testing of blood analytes such as nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) to identify opportunities for improving the management of transition dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether prepartum analytes associated with stress (cortisol) or inflammation (haptoglobin) could also identify dairy cattle at increased risk for health complications after calving. Prepartum blood and fecal samples were collected once weekly from 412 Holstein dairy cows on 2 commercial dairy farms (at wk -3, -2, and -1 relative to calving) and analyzed for concentrations of NEFA, haptoglobin (Hp), and cortisol in plasma and cortisol metabolites in feces. Retained placenta (RP), displaced abomasum (DA), subclinical ketosis (SCK), high Hp concentration (HiHp), and death were recorded up to 30 d in milk (DIM), and animals were subsequently categorized into 3 health categories: (1) no disorder of interest (NDI); (2) one disorder (RP, DA, SCK, or HiHp); or (3) more than one disorder (RP, DA, SCK, HiHp) or death. With the exception of prepartum NEFA, no associations were detected between prepartum concentrations of our analytes of interest and the occurrence of one disorder (RP, DA, SCK, or HiHP) by 30 DIM. Haptoglobin concentration tended to be greater during wk -2 and -1 in cows that developed more than one disorder or that died by 30 DIM; however, when calving assistance was included as a covariate in the analysis prepartum, Hp was no longer a significant risk factor for this postpartum health outcome. Primiparous cows with plasma cortisol concentrations >22.2 nmol/L during wk -2 had reduced odds [odds ratio (OR) 0.41; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17-0.98] of developing more than one disorder or death by 30 DIM, whereas multiparous cows with plasma cortisol >34.1 nmol/L during wk -2 tended to have greater odds (OR 2.53; 95% CI 0.87-7.37) of developing more than one disorder or death by 30 DIM. Individual variation in daily cortisol secretion patterns and stress responses to the restraint and handling associated with sample collection make prepartum plasma cortisol data and its relationship to postpartum health difficult to interpret. Among multiparous cows, for every 500-unit (ng/g of fecal dry matter) increase in fecal cortisol metabolite concentration during wk -2, cows had increased odds (OR 1.41; 95% CI 1.12-1.79) of developing more than one disorder or dying after calving. For multiparous cows, every 0.15 mmol/L increase in plasma NEFA concentration during any of the 3 wk before calving was associated with an approximately 2-fold increase in the odds of developing more than one disorder or dying by 30 DIM. Fecal cortisol metabolite concentration during the prepartum period did not predict which cows would go on to develop more than one disorder or die within 30 DIM as accurately as prepartum NEFA concentration; therefore, this analyte is not a suitable substitute for NEFA for assessing opportunities to improve herd health.

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“…The procedures of the CRF and Dexamethasone/ACTH challenge tests followed those proposed by Veissier and Le Neindre [40] and Veissier et al [45].…”

Section: Crf and Dexamethasone/acthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dexamethasone suppresses endogenous cortisol secretion so that an animal has a low level of cortisol at the time of ACTH injection [40]. The Dexamethasone/ACTH challenge was performed on all the heifers on the 6th and 7th days after the 14th regrouping following the procedure developed by Veissier and Le Neindre [40].…”

Section: Crf and Dexamethasone/acthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Dexamethasone/ACTH challenge was performed on all the heifers on the 6th and 7th days after the 14th regrouping following the procedure developed by Veissier and Le Neindre [40]. A dose of 20 µg per kg BW dexamethasone (Dectancyl ND , Roussel, Paris, France) was injected IM between 17:00 and 18:00 h. The next morning, from 08:00 to 12:00 h, the heifers were tethered before they were intravenously (IV) injected with 1 IU per kg BW ACTH (Synacthene ND , Novartis Pharma, Rueil Malmaison, France).…”

Section: Crf and Dexamethasone/acthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Repeated regrouping of pair-housed heifers around puberty affects their behavioural and HPA axis reactivities

et al. 2006

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-This paper analyses the consequences of repeated regrouping of dairy heifers according to their behaviour, stress physiology and production. Thirty-two Holstein heifers were housed in pairs. Between 11 and 13 months of age, half were subjected to 16 pen relocations each time with a new peer (regrouped heifers), while the other half remained in the same pen with the same peer (controls). The heifers were observed in standardised behavioural tests comprising sudden (opening of an umbrella), novel (an unfamiliar arena) or predator-related (dog) stimuli. All behavioural tests were conducted on three sessions between the 13th and the 16th regroupings. The functioning of the HPA axis was assessed through blockade by dexamethasone and stimulation by ACTH after the 14th regrouping and stimulation by CRF after the 15th regrouping. Weight gain was assessed during the regrouping period and reproduction (No. of inseminations before successful insemination) thereafter. Regrouped heifers reacted less than the controls to the umbrella (χ 2 = 8.23, P < 0.05). They started eating more quickly in the arena (F = 10.8, P < 0.01). In the presence of the dog, they were less active (F = 6.26, P < 0.05) and tended to look at the dog less often (F = 3.63, P < 0.10). The reduction in behavioural responses from one session to the next one was more pronounced in regrouped heifers (e.g. number of eating bouts: F (session × treatment) = 4.23, P < 0.05). Regrouped heifers had lower cortisol responses to CRF. In conclusion, repeatedly regrouped heifers appear less disturbed by unusual situations and habituate to those more quickly. According to the behaviour of heifers and as suggested by their lower cortisol responses, diversity rather than stability of the social environment appears more beneficial to them. été élevées par paires. Au sein de huit paires, les animaux ont changé de partenaires une à deux fois par semaine entre 11 et 13 mois d'âge, pour un total de 16 mélanges (génisses " mélangées "). Ces mélanges s'accompagnaient également de changements de parc. Les huit autres paires sont restées inchangées (génisses " témoins "). La réactivité comportementale a été mesurée en exposant les génisses à un événement soudain (ouverture d'un parapluie), à un environnement nouveau (alimentation dans un nouvel enclos) et à un prédateur (chien). Chaque test était répété trois fois, entre le 13 e et le 16 e mélange. Le fonctionnement de l'axe corticotrope a été évalué à l'aide d'un test de freination par la dexamethasone puis stimulation par l'ACTH après le 14 e mélange et par un test de stimulation au CRF après le 15 e mélange. Le gain de poids a été évalué par pesée hebdomadaire au cours des 16 mélanges. Par la suite, le nombre d'inséminations avant insémination fécondante a été relevé. Les génisses mélangées ont réagi à l'ouverture du parapluie moins fortement que les témoins (χ 2 = 8,23, P < 0,05). Elles ont commencé à manger plus rapidement dans l'enclos nouveau (F = 10,8, P < 0,01). En présence du chien, elles ont été moins actives (...

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Cortisol responses to physical and pharmacological stimuli in heifers

Abstract: Summary. The Introduction.

Cited by 31 publications

References 18 publications

Opposing actions of adrenal androgens and glucocorticoids on alternative splicing of Slo potassium channels in bovine chromaffin cells

Opposing actions of adrenal androgens and glucocorticoids on alternative splicing of Slo potassium channels in bovine chromaffin cells

Associations of prepartum plasma cortisol, haptoglobin, fecal cortisol metabolites, and nonesterified fatty acids with postpartum health status in Holstein dairy cows

Repeated regrouping of pair-housed heifers around puberty affects their behavioural and HPA axis reactivities

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