Adolescents’ mental health and well-being in developing countries: a cross-sectional survey from Pakistan

Khalid, Amna; Qadir, Farah; Chan, Stella W. Y.; Schwannauer, Matthias

doi:10.1080/09638237.2018.1521919

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Importantly, while adolescents make up 38% of its total population, research on Pakistani adolescent development and mental health has only slowly emerged since the mid-1990s (Qidwai, Ishaque, Shah, & Rahim, 2010). Only limited research has simultaneously examined two independent samples of adolescents from high-income versus LMICs such as Pakistan (Khalid, Qadir, Chan, & Schwannauer, 2019). Notably, there is little research exploring protective and resilience factors in resource-restricted settings (Kieling & Rohde, 2012).…”

Section: Practitioner Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary attachment and mental health in Pakistani and Scottish adolescents: A moderated mediation model

et al. 2020

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Objectives. Research into adolescent mental health has tended to focus on primary attachment relationships. However, the effect of secondary attachment relationships and the role of culture remain under-explored. This study examined the associations between primary attachment, secondary attachment, and coping strategies (task-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant coping) with psychological well-being and psychological distress in adolescents across two cultural settings. Design.A cross-sectional study.Method. An identical test battery was used across two geographic sites in Pakistan (N = 510; 12-18 years; 51.5% male; mean age = 14.50) and Scotland (N = 610; 12-18 years; 53.6% male; mean age = 13.97). Associations were tested separately in each sample using moderated mediation modelling for the outcome variables: psychological well-being and psychological distress.Results. For psychological well-being, all three coping strategies were significant partial mediators and secondary attachment was a significant moderator in both samples. Secondary attachment moderated the association between emotion-focused coping and psychological well-being in the Pakistani sample only. For psychological distress, taskfocused coping was a significant full mediator in the Pakistani sample only. In contrast, for the Scottish sample, task-focused coping and emotion-focused coping were significant partial mediators. Secondary attachment's direct effect on psychological distress was significant in both samples. Secondary attachment also moderated the association between emotion-focused coping and psychological distress in the Pakistani sample only. Conclusions.The cross-cultural evidence suggests that alongside primary attachment, it is important to target secondary attachment through coping strategies, in order to enhance psychological well-being and lessen psychological distress in adolescents.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Section: Practitioner Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary attachment and mental health in Pakistani and Scottish adolescents: A moderated mediation model

et al. 2020

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“…The prevalence of psychological distress among adolescents in Eastern Mediterranean countries was 27.7% (≥2 items of no close friends, loneliness, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt) in Afghanistan [11], 16.8% (≥14 scores on GHQ-28) in Egypt [12], 17.7% (≥3 items of worthless, anxious, angriness, confusion, and insomnia) in Iran [13], and 17.2% probable depression and 21.4% probable anxiety (≥10 scores and ≥ 12 scores on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, respectively) in Pakistan [14]. The proportion of moderate to severe psychological distress (measured with the Kessler K-10) was 23.0% in a community-based study among adolescents (N = 1000) in Tanzania [15] and 10.5% among school-going adolescents in India [16], and the prevalence of psychological distress measured with the GHQ was 35.1% among adolescents in Ontario, Canada [17], and 24.2% among urban out of school adolescents (N = 480) in Nigeria [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and associated factors of psychological distress among a national sample of in-school adolescents in Morocco

Pengpid

Peltzer

2020

BMC Psychiatry

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Background The goal of the study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of psychological distress among adolescent school children in Morocco. Methods Nationally representative cross-sectional data were analysed from 6745 adolescents (15 years median age) that responded to questions on a two-item measure of psychological distress from “2016 Morocco Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS).” Results The prevalence of psychological distress was 23.3, 18.0% among males and 29.2% among females. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, female sex, older age, bullying victimization, infrequently physically attacked, frequent participation in physical fights, having no close friends, frequent experience of hunger, parental emotional neglect, parental disrespect of privacy, school truancy, sedentary behaviour and having sustained a single or multiple serious injuries (past year) were associated with psychological distress. In addition, in unadjusted analysis, low peer support, parents never check homework, exposure to passive smoking, substance use (current tobacco use, current cannabis use and ever used amphetamine), frequent soft drink and frequent fast food consumption were positively and fruit and vegetable intake was negatively associated with psychological distress. Conclusion Almost one in four students reported psychological distress and several associated factors were identified which can aid prevention and control strategies.

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“…A majority of the female students were found to be at risk for developing burn-out while the same could be said about half of the males. What needs to be ascertained is whether this difference actually points to a greater vulnerability of females to stress 29,30 and/or to some specific work related factors affecting females. 31 In another study conducted on Pakistani medical and dental students from Lahore, Najma Naz et al have also reported that females are more prone to depression, stress and anxiety than males.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burnout and Sense of Coherence in Dentistry Students of Karachi

Kazi¹,

Ahmed²,

Asghar³

2021

J Pak Dent Assoc

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess burnout and sense of coherence levels in dentistry students of Karachi. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study involving 361 students from four renowned dental colleges in Karachi was carried out. The students were distributed a questionnaire derived from the Mayo Clinic Well-being Index (WBI) and a modified 13-item Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC scale). They were stratified on the basis of gender, age, professional year, institution, relationship status, history of chronic medical condition and history of chronic psychiatric condition. Scores for the WBI and SOC scale were calculated. For the WBI, a score of >4 was a sign that an individual was at risk of developing burnout or other severe outcomes. A high or low total score on the SOC scale demonstrated whether the individual was able to cope with his environment or not. MS Excel and SPSS version 23 were used for data compilation and statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Chi-square test of independence was applied to gauge any association between the strata and outcome variables. After determination of statistical difference, Mann Whitney-U Test and Kruskal Wallis Test were applied to compare the means where a significant association was found. A p-value of 0.05 or less was considered significant. RESULTS: The mean WBI score was found to be 4.07. Around 64% respondents were at-risk of burnout (score > 4). A greater percentage of females was at risk (66%) as compared to males (50%). Third professional students were found to be the most affected (77% with WBI score > 4 and 9% in the low coherence category). The mean SOC score was found to be 36.39 (moderate levels of coherence). Overall, around 4-9% of each professional year students exhibited a low sense of coherence. Age, relationship status, institution and a history of chronic medical and/or psychiatric condition were not found to have a significant association with the outcome variables (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: A significant number of dentistry students are at risk of burn-out and suffer from a low sense of coherence. The risk factors need to be evaluated and solutions need to be found to create a healthy and conducive environment for the growth and learning of the students. More research needs to be focused on gathering data related to the well-being of dentistry students. KEYWORDS: Burnout, sense of coherence, well-being index, dentistry.

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Adolescents’ mental health and well-being in developing countries: a cross-sectional survey from Pakistan

Cited by 34 publications

References 58 publications

Secondary attachment and mental health in Pakistani and Scottish adolescents: A moderated mediation model

Secondary attachment and mental health in Pakistani and Scottish adolescents: A moderated mediation model

Prevalence and associated factors of psychological distress among a national sample of in-school adolescents in Morocco

Burnout and Sense of Coherence in Dentistry Students of Karachi

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