Adolescent Obesity, Bone Mass, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

Abstract

Objective To compare bone mass between overweight adolescents with and without cardiometabolic risk factors (CMR). Associations of bone mass with CMR and adiposity were also determined. Study design Overweight adolescents (aged 14–18 years) were classified in Healthy (n=55), 1CMR (n=46) or ≥2CMR (n=42). CMR were measured using standard methods and defined according to pediatric definitions of metabolic syndrome. Total body bone mass, fat mass and fat-free soft tissue mass (FFST) were measured by DXA. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) were assessed using MRI. Results After controlling for age, sex, race, height and FFST, Healthy group had 5.4% and 6.3% greater bone mass than the 1CMR and ≥2CMR groups, respectively (both P<0.04). Multiple linear regression, adjusting for same covariates, revealed that VAT (β=−0.22), waist circumference (β= −0.23), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (β= −0.23) and HDL-cholesterol (β=0.22) were associated with bone mass (all P<0.04). There was a trend towards a significant inverse association between bone mass and fasting glucose (P=0.056). No relations were found between bone mass and fat mass, SAAT, BP or triglycerides. Conclusion Being overweight with metabolic abnormalities, particularly insulin resistance, low HDL-cholesterol and visceral adiposity, may adversely influence adolescent bone mass.

Fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica em crianças e adolescentes

“…The promotion of healthy practices, such as physical activity in children, provides significant benefits, such as weight control, attenuator effects on cholesterol levels and insulin resistance, regular blood pressure, well-being, and greater predisposition to active life during adolescence. (19)(20)(21) Of the components of the metabolic syndrome, systolic blood pressure was statistically high in males (p = 0.014), corroborating other results, (22) but the prevalence increases considerably when assessing the average blood pressure of students, evidencing an increase in more than half of those who were evaluated. (23) The HDL-c was the most prevalent of the metabolic changes, followed by hypertriglyceridemia.…”

Association between Lean and Fat Mass and Indicators of Bone Health in Prepubertal Caucasian Children

“…The association between abdominal body fat and bone has also been explored in prepubertal [28,29] as well as in postpubertal [30,31] adolescents, and all studies suggest a negative association. The pediatric literature is currently unable to disentangle these conflicting results; existing studies have not always included both boys and girls [15,20,23,32], taken into account known determinants of bone health such as sexual maturity, physical activity and calcium intake [6,16,20,21], and some were limited by small sample sizes [6,16,23,32,33].…”

Evaluation of Bone Tissue After Cafeteria-Diet-Induced Obesity and Periodontitis in Rats

“…It has also been established that an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines contributes to the development of osteoporosis and osteopenia [25,26]. Studies have shown that the excessive increase in body fat is associated with decreased bone mineral density [27,28].…”