Adjuvant effects of saponins on animal immune responses

Abstract

Abstract:Vaccines require optimal adjuvants including immunopotentiator and delivery systems to offer long term protection from infectious diseases in animals and man. Initially it was believed that adjuvants are responsible for promoting strong and sustainable antibody responses. Now it has been shown that adjuvants influence the isotype and avidity of antibody and also affect the properties of cell-mediated immunity. Mostly oil emulsions, lipopolysaccharides, polymers, saponins, liposomes, cytokines, ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes), Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, alums, bacterial toxins etc., are common adjuvants under investigation. Saponin based adjuvants have the ability to stimulate the cell mediated immune system as well as to enhance antibody production and have the advantage that only a low dose is needed for adjuvant activity. In the present study the importance of adjuvants, their role and the effect of saponin in immune system is reviewed.

Trends and advances in the diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis in domestic livestock

“…After booster vaccination, antibody response was significantly increased in animals vaccinated with recombinant secretory antigens compared with unvaccinated control group. However, humoral response was higher in animals that received the antigens in combination with an adjuvant (oil emulsions, lipopolysaccharides, polymers, saponins, liposomes, cytokines, ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes), Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, alums, bacterial toxins) in comparison with animals that were only administered with antigens (Rajput et al 2007). Multi-component subunit vaccine has given significant protection from MAP infection in terms of reduction of MAP bioload in target organs as compared to sham-immunized goats.…”

Foaming Glycosides: A Review

“…The presence of saponins (Foaming glycosides) has been reported in more than 100 families of plants, in both wild and cultivated plants (16), in lower marine animals and in some bacteria, but are uncommon in higher animals. However, they can be found in a few marine sources such as starfish and sea cucumber (17).…”

Foam-forming properties of Ilex paraguariensis (mate) saponin: foamability and foam lifetime analysis by Weibull equation

“…Quillaja, Gypsophila, Phytolacca and Polygala saponins), bacteria and marine animals, mate saponins are biodegradable hydrophilic surfactants. [10][11][12][13] Mate saponins are weakly hemolytic, non-irritating in the Draize topical test and they are also able to form abundant and persistent foam. 14 Foamability is a desirable property required in some chemical, foods, cosmetic and pharmaceutical processes.…”