“…One example is voting: polls typically overestimate intention to vote (as do recollections) and sometimes misforecast the direction of voting (Crespi, 1989;Keeter and Samaranayake, 2007;Hopkins, 2009). In both commercial and academic marketing research, self-reported intentions to buy goods are widely used to plan the launch of new products and forecast sales (Silk and Urban, 1978;Urban et al, 1983;Infosino, 1986;Jamieson and Bass, 1989;Chandon et al, 2004), but these intentions are often upward-biased. Surveys are also routinely used to measure the value of nontraded public goods (e.g., for cost-benefit analyses as inputs to environmental protection, or to assess legal damages).…”