Adjunctive effects of photodynamic therapy using indocyanine green in residual pockets during periodontal maintenance therapy: A split‐mouth randomized controlled trial

Abstract

BackgroundProspective studies have reported conflicting results regarding the adjunctive effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on clinical and microbiological parameters in individuals under periodontal maintenance therapy (PMT). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and microbiological adjunctive effects of aPDT using indocyanine green (ICG) in residual sites with probing depth (PD) ≥5 mm during PMT in comparison with scaling and root planing (SRP) alone.MethodsA split‐mouth randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted with 24 individuals in a PMT program. Contralateral quadrants with eligible residual sites were randomly assigned to either SRP + aPDT (test group) or SRP alone (control). aPDT included ICG dye and diode laser (909 nm) performed together with SRP and repeated 15 days after. Periodontal clinical parameters, periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) index, and subgingival biofilm samples were collected at baseline (T1), 3 (T2), and 6 months later (T3). Microbiological analyses were performed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction.ResultsSignificant improvements were observed in all clinical and microbiological parameters in both groups from T1 to T3. However, no significant differences were observed regarding plaque index, PD, and clinical attachment level. Test group showed significantly greater reductions in bleeding on probing (BOP), PISA index, and Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans levels, when compared with controls.ConclusionsBoth treatments resulted in significant clinical periodontal improvements, but with no significant differences between groups except from inflammation parameters. aPDT using ICG resulted in significant reductions in BOP and PISA index, as well as in P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans levels.

Photoinactivation and Photoablation of Porphyromonas gingivalis

“…Investigations of photodynamic therapy and Pg in particular have utilized lasers at 405, 532, 630–690, 805–830 and 905–980 nm and LEDs ranging from 390 to 480 and 565 to 671 nm. Among the photosensitizers examined in research involving Pg , the most extensively studied to date have been indocyanine green [ 91 , 92 , 93 ], methylene blue [ 94 , 95 , 96 ] and toluidine blue [ 97 , 98 , 99 ]. Other photosensitizers have included: aminolevulinic acid [ 100 ], azulene [ 101 ], β-NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ , Tm 3+ @TiO 2 (termed UCNPs@TiO 2 ) [ 102 ], BLC 1010 and BLC 1014 [ 103 ], cadmium telluride nanocrystals [ 104 ], captopril-protected gold clusters [ 105 ], cationic amino acid-porphyrin conjugate 4i [ 106 ], Chlorin-e6 [ 103 , 107 , 108 ], chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine [ 109 , 110 ], Coumarin 6 [ 111 ], Curcumin [ 112 , 113 ], curcumin-NP [ 114 ], cyanidin-3-glucoside [ 115 ], doxycycline [ 116 ], erythrosine [ 115 , 117 ], graphene silver polymethyl methacrylate [ 118 ], lysine-porphyrin conjugate 4i [ 119 ], meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC) [ 120 ], oxyhemoglobin-based oxyHb@IR820 [ 121 ], phenothiazine chloride [ 122 , 123 , 124 ], phloxine B [ 125 ], Photodithazine [ 126 ], phycocyanin [ 127 ], protoporphyrin I...…”

Photodynamic Therapy with Tolonium Chloride and a Diode Laser (635 nm) in the Non-Surgical Management of Periodontitis: A Clinical Study

“…PDT involves the utilization of a photosensitizer or photosensitizing agent, which is activated by light emitted from a laser or another light source [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. This interaction between the drug and the photosensitizer ultimately results in the destruction of specific targeted cells or bacteria.…”