Adipose Tissue in Obesity-Related Inflammation and Insulin Resistance: Cells, Cytokines, and Chemokines

Abstract

Adipose tissue is a complex organ that comprises a wide range of cell types with diverse energy storage, metabolic regulation, and neuroendocrine and immune functions. Because it contains various immune cells, either adaptive (B and T lymphocytes; such as regulatory T cells) or innate (mostly macrophages and, more recently identified, myeloid-derived suppressor cells), the adipose tissue is now considered as a bona fide immune organ, at the cross-road between metabolism and immunity. Adipose tissue disorders, such as those encountered in obesity and lipodystrophy, cause alterations to adipose tissue distribution and function with broad effects on cytokine, chemokine, and hormone expression, on lipid storage, and on the composition of adipose-resident immune cell populations. The resulting changes appear to induce profound consequences for basal systemic inflammation and insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the current literature on adipose cell composition remodeling in obesity, which shows how adipose-resident immune cells regulate inflammation and insulin resistance—notably through cytokine and chemokine secretion—and highlights major research questions in the field.

Adipocyte-Specific Mineralocorticoid Receptor Overexpression in Mice Is Associated With Metabolic Syndrome and Vascular Dysfunction: Role of Redox-Sensitive PKG-1 and Rho Kinase

“…2. MR antagonism with eplerenone or spironolactone improves metabolic disorders and insulin resistance in obese and diabetic mice (9,18,19,33). 3.…”

Anti‐inflammatory and anti‐insulin resistance activities of aqueous extract from Anoectochilus burmannicus

“…Overproduction of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α has been implicated in several inflammatory diseases (Makki, Froguel, & Wolowczuk, 2013). IL‐1β and IL‐6 are important inflammatory cytokines secreted by macrophages.…”

“…These cytokines, especially TNF‐α, highly induce an insulin resistance in adipocytes in which the insulin signaling is interrupted resulting in an impaired glucose uptake (Makki et al., 2013; Nieto‐Vazquez et al., 2008; Rotter, Nagaev, & Smith, 2003). Although ABE had no effect on TNF‐α production in the LPS‐treated macrophages, we found that a low dose of ABE (50 μg/ml) could inhibit TNF‐α‐induced insulin resistance in adipocyte as shown by the increased glucose uptake.…”

Increased serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in type 2 diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease

“…В нашем исследова-нии связь с выраженностью ожирения отмечена для M-CSF и IL-6. Корреляции IL-6 с окружностью талии, уровнем мочевой кислоты и триглицеридов согласуются с данными о роли этого цитокина в формировании инсули-норезистентности [27]. Известно, что адипоциты челове-ка секретируют IL-6 [28], M-CSF [29], MIF [30] и другие цитокины.…”