Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells: The Biologic Basis and Future Directions for Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from a variety of tissues using different methods. Active research have confirmed that the most accessible site to collect them is the adipose tissue; which has a significantly higher concentration of MSCs. Moreover; harvesting from adipose tissue is less invasive; there are no ethical limitations and a lower risk of severe complications. These adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are also able to increase at higher rates and showing telomerase activity, which acts by maintaining the DNA stability during cell divisions. Adipose-derived stem cells secret molecules that show important function in other cells vitality and mechanisms associated with the immune system, central nervous system, the heart and several muscles. They release cytokines involved in pro/anti-inflammatory, angiogenic and hematopoietic processes. Adipose-derived stem cells also have immunosuppressive properties and have been reported to be “immune privileged” since they show negative or low expression of human leukocyte antigens. Translational medicine and basic research projects can take advantage of bioprinting. This technology allows precise control for both scaffolds and cells. The properties of cell adhesion, migration, maturation, proliferation, mimicry of cell microenvironment, and differentiation should be promoted by the printed biomaterial used in tissue engineering. Self-renewal and potency are presented by MSCs, which implies in an open-source for 3D bioprinting and regenerative medicine. Considering these features and necessities, ASCs can be applied in the designing of tissue engineering products. Understanding the heterogeneity of ASCs and optimizing their properties can contribute to making the best therapeutic use of these cells and opening new paths to make tissue engineering even more useful.

The pivotal roles of exosomes derived from endogenous immune cells and exogenous stem cells in myocardial repair after acute myocardial infarction

“…The concentration of MSCs in adipose tissue is notably higher than in bone marrow (1% versus 0.01%) and other sources 78 . Compared to the bone marrow, harvesting MSCs from adipose tissue is less invasive and has no ethical limitations 79 .…”

Adipose-Derived Stromal Cell-Sheets Sandwiched, Book-Shaped Acellular Dermal Matrix Capable of Sustained Release of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Promote Diabetic Wound Healing

“…This is one of the reasons why the diabetic rats in the ASCs/CBD–bFGF/BDDM group showed significantly better angiogenesis than the rats in the other groups. In addition, the implanted ASC sheets can release bioactive substances in a paracrine manner, including cytokines, growth factors, signaling lipids, and nucleic acids ( Torres-Torrillas et al, 2019 ; Câmara et al, 2020 ), to optimize the local immune environment at the healing interface and promote angiogenesis and stromal cell migration. As a result, more granulation tissue formed at the healing site.…”

Considerations for the clinical use of stem cells in genitourinary regenerative medicine

“…ASCs are described as relatively homogenous adherent cultures of cells possessing key functional properties: Important multilineage differentiation potential and relevant secretome-related therapeutic potential[ 109 , 125 , 126 ]. Since their discovery, cell therapies based on ASCs have been developed for many pathological conditions including wound healing, cardiovascular diseases, bone fractures and many other health problems, including urological-related pathologies[ 115 , 127 - 131 ]. The second and most recent method of obtaining progenitor cells from AT depots is by inducing the dedifferentiation of floating mature adipocytes obtained following collagenase digestion, leading to cell populations commonly named DFAT cells (Figure 3 ).…”