Adiponectin: Structure, Physiological Functions, Role in Diseases, and Effects of Nutrition

Khoramipour, Kayvan; Chamari, Karim; hekmatikar, amirhosein ahmadi; Ziyaiyan, Amirhosein; Taherkhani, Shima; Elguindy, Nihal M.; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi

doi:10.3390/nu13041180

Cited by 126 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Several studies have suggested that subcutaneous fat may exert protective effects against inflammation [91,104]. Subcutaneous fat is considered to be the main source of adiponectin, which is involved in a variety of physiological functions, including energy regulation, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity [120].…”

Section: The Mechanism By Which Maintained Adiposity Improves Survival In Hemodialysis Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of Adipose Tissue Maintenance in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

Okuno

2021

Nutrients

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In the general population, obesity is known to be associated with adverse outcomes, including mortality. In contrast, high body mass index (BMI) may provide a survival advantage for hemodialysis patients, which is known as the obesity paradox. Although BMI is the most commonly used measure for the assessment of obesity, it does not distinguish between fat and lean mass. Fat mass is considered to serve as an energy reserve against a catabolic condition, while the capacity to survive starvation is also thought to be dependent on its amount. Thus, fat mass is used as a nutritional marker. For example, improvement of nutritional status by nutritional intervention or initiation of hemodialysis is associated with an increase in fat mass. Several studies have shown that higher levels of fat mass were associated with better survival in hemodialysis patients. Based on body distribution, fat mass is classified into subcutaneous and visceral fat. Visceral fat is metabolically more active and associated with metabolic abnormalities and inflammation, and it is thus considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. On the other hand, subcutaneous fat has not been consistently linked to adverse phenomena and may reflect nutritional status as a type of energy storage. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues have different metabolic and inflammatory characteristics and may have opposing influences on various outcomes, including mortality. Results showing an association between increased subcutaneous fat and better survival, along with other conditions, such as cancer or cirrhosis, in hemodialysis patients have been reported. This evidence suggests that fat mass distribution (i.e., visceral fat and subcutaneous fat) plays a more important role for these beneficial effects in hemodialysis patients.

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Section: The Mechanism By Which Maintained Adiposity Improves Survival In Hemodialysis Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of Adipose Tissue Maintenance in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

Okuno

2021

Nutrients

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“…As a result, high amounts of ROS damage lipids, proteins, DNA and lead to cellular and molecular abnormalities that eventually lead to heart failure [1,2,5,9]. There are two systems against ROS scavenging: Glutaredoxins (Grxs), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are enzymes, while flavonoids, beta-carotene, vitamins E (Vit E), ascorbic acid (AA), ubiquinone, carotenoids, and lipoic acid are non-enzymatic antioxidants [1,10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac Oxidative Stress and the Therapeutic Approaches to the Intake of Antioxidant Supplements and Physical Activity

2021

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are strongly reactive chemical entities that include oxygen regulated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms. ROS contribute significantly to cell homeostasis in the heart by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and excitation-contraction coupling. When ROS generation surpasses the ability of the antioxidant defense mechanisms to buffer them, oxidative stress develops, resulting in cellular and molecular disorders and eventually in heart failure. Oxidative stress is a critical factor in developing hypoxia- and ischemia-reperfusion-related cardiovascular disorders. This article aimed to discuss the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of cardiac diseases such as hypertension and endothelial dysfunction. This review focuses on the various clinical events and oxidative stress associated with cardiovascular pathophysiology, highlighting the benefits of new experimental treatments such as creatine supplementation, omega-3 fatty acids, microRNAs, and antioxidant supplements in addition to physical exercise

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“…AT acts like a double-edged sword. This means that some hormones secreted by AT, such as adiponectin and visfatin, have protective effects against NAFLD; however, the hormones resistin and leptin contribute to hepatic development of steatosis and IR [140,141].…”

Section: Roles Of Nutraceuticals As An Antioxidant In Reducing Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Brief Overview of Oxidative Stress in Adipose Tissue with a Therapeutic Approach to Taking Antioxidant Supplements

Taherkhani

Ruhee

2021

Antioxidants

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One of the leading causes of obesity associated with oxidative stress (OS) is excessive consumption of nutrients, especially fast-foods, and a sedentary lifestyle, characterized by the ample accumulation of lipid in adipose tissue (AT). When the body needs energy, the lipid is broken down into glycerol (G) and free fatty acids (FFA) during the lipolysis process and transferred to various tissues in the body. Materials secreted from AT, especially adipocytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), are impressive in causing inflammation and OS of AT. There are several ways to improve obesity, but researchers have highly regarded the use of antioxidant supplements due to their neutralizing properties in removing ROS. In this review, we have examined the AT response to OS to antioxidant supplements focusing on animal studies. The results are inconsistent due to differences in the study duration and diversity in animals (strain, age, and sex). Therefore, there is a need for different studies, especially in humans.

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Adiponectin: Structure, Physiological Functions, Role in Diseases, and Effects of Nutrition

Cited by 126 publications

References 104 publications

Significance of Adipose Tissue Maintenance in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

Significance of Adipose Tissue Maintenance in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

Cardiac Oxidative Stress and the Therapeutic Approaches to the Intake of Antioxidant Supplements and Physical Activity

A Brief Overview of Oxidative Stress in Adipose Tissue with a Therapeutic Approach to Taking Antioxidant Supplements

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