The significance of glycated albumin (GA), compared with casual plasma glucose (PG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ), was evaluated as an indicator of the glycemic control state in hemodialysis (HD) patients with diabetes. The mean PG, GA, and HbA 1c levels were 164.5 ؎ 55.7 mg/dl, 22.5 ؎ 7.5%, and 5.85 ؎ 1.26%, respectively, in HD patients with diabetes (n ؍ 538), which were increased by 51.5, 31.6, and 17.7%, respectively, compared with HD patients without diabetes (n ؍ 828). HbA 1c levels were significantly lower than simultaneous PG and GA values in those patients in comparison with the relationship among the three parameters in patients who had diabetes without renal dysfunction (n ؍ 365), as reflected by the significantly more shallow slope of regression line between HbA 1c and PG or GA. A significant negative correlation was found between GA and serum albumin (r ؍ ؊0.131, P ؍ 0.002) in HD patients with diabetes, whereas HbA 1c correlated positively and negatively with hemoglobin (r ؍ 0.090, P ؍ 0.036) and weekly dose of erythropoietin injection (r ؍ ؊0.159, P < 0.001), respectively. Although PG and GA did not differ significantly between HD patients with diabetes and with and without erythropoietin injection, HbA 1c levels were significantly higher in patients without erythropoietin. Categorization of glycemic control into arbitrary quartile by HbA 1c level led to better glycemic control in a significantly higher proportions of HD patients with diabetes than those assessed by GA. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the weekly dose of erythropoietin, in addition to PG, emerged as an independent factor associated with HbA 1c in HD patients with diabetes, although PG but not albumin was an independent factor associated with GA. In summary, it is suggested that GA provides a significantly better measure to estimate glycemic control in HD patients with diabetes and that the assessment of glycemic control by HbA 1c in these patients might lead to underestimation likely as a result of the increasing proportion of young erythrocyte by the use of erythropoietin.
Serum phosphate, calcium, and intact PTH could be regulators of FGF-23 levels in uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Our results may provide new insights into the pathophysiologic effects of FGF-23 on calcium-phosphate homeostasis.
These results suggest that hypoalbuminemia and the presence of DM independently affect serum 25(OH)D levels, probably via diabetic nephropathy and poor nutritional status associated with diabetes, and that 25(OH)D is actively catalyzed to 24,25(OH)2D in CRF, probably largely via extrarenal 24-hydroxylase. Serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D were significantly affected by the degree of renal failure. Thus, this study indicates that patients with CRF, particularly those with DM, should receive supplements containing the active form of vitamin D prior to dialysis.
These results demonstrated that GNRI is a significant predictor for mortality in haemodialysis patients. The simple method of GNRI is considered to be a clinically useful marker for the assessment of nutritional status in haemodialysis patients.
Background. β 2 -Microglobulin (β 2 -M) is recognized as a surrogate marker of middle-molecule uraemic toxins and is a key component in the genesis of dialysis-associated amyloidosis. Few studies have evaluated the association of β 2 -M levels with clinical outcome in dialyzed patients. Methods. The prognostic implication of serum β 2 -M levels for the survival of haemodialysis patients was examined in 490 prevalent haemodialysis patients (60.1 ± 11.8 years, haemodialysis duration of 87.4 ± 75.7 months, 288 males and 202 females; 24% diabetics). The patients were divided into two groups according to their serum β 2 -M levels: lower β 2 -M group (n = 245) with serum β 2 -M <32.2 mg/L (the median serum β 2 -M) and higher β 2 -M group (n = 245) with that ≥32.2 mg/L. Results. During the follow-up period of 40 ± 15 months, there were 91 all-cause deaths, and out of them, 36 were from cardiovascular diseases. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that all-cause mortality in the higher β 2 -M group was significantly higher compared to that in the lower β 2 -M group (P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses showed that serum β 2 -M level was a significant predictor for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08; P = 0.005), and for non-cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02-1.10; P = 0.006), after adjustment for age, gender, haemodialysis duration, the presence of diabetes, serum albumin and serum C-reactive protein.Conclusion. These results demonstrate that the serum β 2 -M level is a significant predictor of mortality in haemodialysis patients, independent of haemodialysis duration, diabetes, malnutrition and chronic inflammation, suggesting the clinical importance of lowering serum β 2 -M in these patients.
Background
Sarcopenia has become a serious disorder in modern society. Chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis and diabetes are some of the disorders that accelerate the onset and progression of sarcopenia. We, therefore, investigated the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and confirmed the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on this population.
Methods
This study included 308 patients whose muscle strength and mass had been evaluated using handgrip strength and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. Sarcopenia was defined according to the criteria established by the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia. In addition, this cohort had been followed up for 9 years.
Results
The prevalence of sarcopenia was 40% (37% in males and 45% in females) with gender differences being insignificant (
p
= 0.237). The DM morbidity rate was significantly higher in those with sarcopenia than in those without sarcopenia (41% vs. 27%,
p
= 0.015). Multivariate regression analyses showed that the presence of DM was an independent contributor to sarcopenia in patients undergoing HD (odds ratio 3.11; 95% confidence interval 1.63–5.93;
p
< 0.001). During the follow-up of 76 ± 35 months, 100 patients died. Patients with sarcopenia demonstrated significantly higher rates of all-cause mortality than those without sarcopenia (p < 0.001 using the log-rank test). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses revealed that the presence of DM was significantly associated with higher all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.39; 95% confidence interval 1.51–3.81; p < 0.001).
Conclusions
The prevalence of sarcopenia among this cohort of patients undergoing HD was determined to be 40%. Moreover, the presence of DM was an independent contributor to sarcopenia and an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in this population.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12882-019-1271-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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