Addressing the punitive parent mode in schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: Short-term effects of the empty chair technique as compared to cognitive challenging.

Maarschalkerweerd, Frauke A.T. van; Engelmoer, Izabella M.; Simon, Sem; Arntz, Arnoud

doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101678

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…In chairwork, insight has primarily been assessed by directly asking clients about a newfound awareness after engaging in the intervention (e.g., Bell et al, 2020Bell et al, , 2021. Through a single-item self-report, insight in CBT is assessed by the changes in perceived credibility of self-critical beliefs (e.g., van Maarschalkerweerd et al, 2021).…”

Section: Assessing Immediate Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chairwork in individual psychotherapy: Meta-analyses of intervention effects.

Pascual‐Leone¹,

Baher²

2023

Psychotherapy

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The present study examines (a) the unique effects of chairwork on emotional process and intervention outcomes across treatments in the context of individual psychotherapy and (b) how these effects compare to other treatment interventions. Based on the appropriateness of the data available, meta-analyses with estimated effect sizes and narrative syntheses were conducted for psychotherapy process as well as symptom outcomes. Single-session chairwork was found to be more effective in deepening client experiencing than empathic responding (d = .90), although it may have an effectiveness similar to other interventions for facilitating emotional arousal or shifting the credibility of core beliefs. A single session of chairwork also has noteworthy pre-to-post symptom change (d = 1.73), although these improvements may be comparable to other methods of intervention (d = .02). However, when chairwork was used multiple times over the course of a treatment, it accumulated a meaningful effect (d = .40) compared to treatments that did not use chairwork. Therapeutic orientation emerged as a potential moderator. Incorporating chairwork into treatments may bolster process and intervention outcomes. We conclude the article with training implications and therapeutic practices. Clinical Impact StatementQuestions: What are the short-term and long-term effects of using chairwork as a therapeutic method? Findings: Using chairwork offers a large advantage in emotional processing and its immediate impact on symptom change seems to accumulate over the course of treatment. Meaning: Chairwork facilitates the therapeutic process and is related to symptom reductions as much or more than comparison methods. Next Steps: More dismantling research should be conducted to examine the unique contribution of chairwork, but evidence already suggests therapists of various approaches should consider using this intervention.

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Section: Assessing Immediate Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chairwork in individual psychotherapy: Meta-analyses of intervention effects.

Pascual‐Leone¹,

Baher²

2023

Psychotherapy

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“…Nonetheless, studies indicate it has therapeutic value (Elliott et al, 2004;Pugh, 2021a). For example, two-chair dialogues have been shown to ameliorate self-criticism (e.g., van Maarschalkerweerd et al, 2021), indecision (e.g., Clarke & Greenberg, 1986), problematic anger (e.g., Conoley et al, 1983), interpersonal distress (Paivio & Greenberg, 1995), and symptoms associated with childhood trauma (e.g., Paivio et al, 2010).…”

Section: Evidence Basementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonetheless, studies indicate it has therapeutic value (Elliott et al, 2004; Pugh, 2021a). For example, two‐chair dialogues have been shown to ameliorate self‐criticism (e.g., van Maarschalkerweerd et al, 2021), indecision (e.g., Clarke & Greenberg, 1986), problematic anger (e.g., Conoley et al, 1983), interpersonal distress (Paivio & Greenberg, 1995), and symptoms associated with childhood trauma (e.g., Paivio et al, 2010). Other studies indicate that dramatizations are an effective way to modify distressing thoughts and beliefs (e.g., de Oliviera et al, 2012) and develop behavioral skills such as assertiveness (Lazarus, 1966).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chairwork and the therapeutic relationship: Can the cart join the horse?

2022

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Chairwork" is a collection of experiential methods that utilize movement between chairs and dialogue with parts of the self to bring about change. Because of their emotionally intense nature, therapists often assume that a robust therapeutic relationship is a prerequisite for these tasks.However, it could be said that chairwork also supports the development and strengthening of the alliance. This article presents a single-session, chairwork-centered treatment with an individual experiencing social anxiety. Verbatim extracts and post-intervention feedback illustrate the reciprocal and reinforcing roles of client participation, therapist facilitation, and the therapeutic bond during chairwork. Moreover, the case demonstrates that relationship and technique are intimately bound when using experiential methods, suggesting that therapists do not always need to privilege the former to implement the latter.

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“…Considering the wide acclaim attached to the information processing model in the literature (Foa et al, 1989(Foa et al, , 1991 and the results obtained from brain imaging studies (Garfinkel & Liberzon, 2009; van der Kolk et al, 1996;Milad et al, 2009), the activation of the…”

Section: Appropriate Reprocessing Of the Traumatic Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies have shown the effectiveness of chair work in the resolution of inner conflicts (Clarke & Greenberg, 1986; Greenberg, 1983; Greenberg & Clarke, 1979; Greenberg & Dompierre, 1981; Greenberg & Higgins, 1980; Greenberg & Rice, 1981; Greenberg & Webster, 1982). Chair work is frequently used in psychotherapy applications; it is seen as an effective technique in eliciting emotions (Kellogg, 2004), and some recent publications have indicated the importance (Pugh & Rae, 2019) and the effectiveness (van Maarschalkerweerd et al., 2021) of this technique in the psychotherapy context.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychotherapeutic change process in women who have been sexually assaulted: An examination of the schema therapy model

Korkmaz

Soygüt

2022

Couns and Psychother Res

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Sexual assault is one of the most challenging experiences to manage since it can have devastating effects on the individual's mental and physical health, and can cause many psychological problems, especially PTSD and depression. In this study, a psychotherapy process based on the schema therapy model was conducted with six women who were sexually assaulted in Turkey, and the psychotherapeutic change process was examined with both qualitative and quantitative methods. According to the descriptive results from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Scale-Self-Report (PSS-SR), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Symptom Check list-90 (SCL-90), the scores in the post-test and follow-up stages decreased compared to the pre-test stage, and this decrease also had clinical significance for PSS-SR both at post-test (p < .05, .01 and .001 for each participant) and at follow-up (p < .01 and .001 for each participant) stages. From the results of the narrative analysis, on the other hand, it was concluded that the psychotherapy process was completed in three stages (the introduction, the body, the conclusion); the participants conveyed the stories of some schema modes (the abused child, the punitive parent, the demanding parent, the angry-protector, the avoidant and detached protector); and an important transitional stage was experienced (meeting the psychological needs, self-awareness, self-acceptance, self-control and healthy boundaries, confrontation and normalisation) during the transformation of these stories into healthy adults. It is recommended that this discovered transitional stage is investigated in further schema therapy research. All findings are discussed in detail and a brief intervention protocol based on the schema therapy model is proposed.

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Addressing the punitive parent mode in schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: Short-term effects of the empty chair technique as compared to cognitive challenging.

Cited by 10 publications

References 41 publications

Chairwork in individual psychotherapy: Meta-analyses of intervention effects.

Chairwork in individual psychotherapy: Meta-analyses of intervention effects.

Chairwork and the therapeutic relationship: Can the cart join the horse?

The psychotherapeutic change process in women who have been sexually assaulted: An examination of the schema therapy model

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