Addressing misconceptions about phobia, anxiety, and self-efficacy: A reply to Marks

Williams, Sandra

doi:10.1016/0887-6185(88)90007-2

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, as emphasized in the introduction, each of the dependent variables in this study is of interest in its own right, and the measures taken together are not conceived as multiple measures of "agoraphobia." The primary dimension of agoraphobia is behavioral disability (Williams, 1985(Williams, , 1987(Williams, , 1988, which is measured here by the behavioral approach tests. Each remaining dependent variable measures a specific psychological factor proposed to explain agoraphobia, and in addition to correlational analyses, it is appropriate to view the effect of the independent variable on each remaining dependent variable separately.…”

Section: Generalization Across Phobiasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each remaining dependent variable measures a specific psychological factor proposed to explain agoraphobia, and in addition to correlational analyses, it is appropriate to view the effect of the independent variable on each remaining dependent variable separately. (For additional discussion of these points, see Williams, 1985Williams, , 1987Williams, , 1988 The second motivation for employing MAN-OVAs is to control experiment-wise Type I error rates (Cliff, 1987), which is not a concern here given the heavy preponderance of significant findings obtained. However, it is appropriate to control family-wise error rate by adjusting for the three intergroup comparisons for each variable in Treatment Phase 1.…”

Section: Generalization Across Phobiasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generalization often is conceived in terms of stimulus overlap between the learning situation and the transfer situation, or in terms of anxiety extinction toward stimuli along a physical generalization gradient. The serious conceptual and empirical difficulties of the stimulus exposure and anxiety extinction views of phobia have been reviewed elsewhere (Williams, 1987(Williams, , 1988, and neither view has yielded a demonstrably accurate method of predicting transfer in agoraphobia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first motivation is when the research seeks to determine the effects of the independent variables on the dependent variables simultaneously , e.g., when these variables are consceived as multiple measures of a single underlying construct, and this construct, is the point of interest rather than the individual measures. However, as emphasized in the introduction, each of the dependent variables in this study is of interest in its own right, and the measures taken together are not conceived as multiple measures of “agoraphobia.” The primary dimension of agoraphobia is behavioral disability (Williams, 1985, 1987, 1988), which is measured here by the behavioral approach tests. Each remaining dependent variable measures a specific psychological factor proposed to explain agoraphobia, and in addition to correlational analyses, it is appropriate to view the effect of the independent variable on each remaining dependent variable separately.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Generalization of therapeutic changes in agoraphobia: The role of perceived self-efficacy.

Williams¹,

Kinney²,

Falbo³

1989

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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Investigated the extent and mechanisms of therapeutic generalization across distinct areas of agoraphobic dysfunction. Twenty-seven severe agoraphobics were each given performance-based treatment for some phobic areas while leaving their other phobias untreated. Behavioral tests revealed that (a) the treated phobias improved significantly more than the untreated (transfer) phobias, (b) the transfer phobias improved significantly more than control phobias, and (c) the transfer benefits were highly variable within and between subjects. Analyses of possible cognitive mechanisms revealed that perceived self-efficacy accurately predicted treatment and transfer effects even when alternative factors such as previous behavior, anticipated anxiety, anticipated panic, perceived danger, and subjective anxiety were held constant. In contrast, these alternative factors lost most or all predictive value when self-efficacy was held constant. Agoraphobia thus appears to be neither a unitary entity nor a mere collection of independent phobias, but a complexly patterned problem governed largely by self-perceptions of coping efficacy.

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Section: Generalization Across Phobiasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Generalization Across Phobiasmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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