Additives in Polymers

Ambrogi, Veronica; Carfagna, Cosimo; Cerruti, Pierfrancesco; Marturano, Valentina

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44353-1.00004-x

Cited by 86 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…This process is rarely reversible; the plastics must go through more chemical processes in order to be recycled into new types of plastics [ 4 ]. The use of industrial additives, such as pigments, plasticizers and stabilizers, allows plastics to be engineered to various application requirements [ 5 ]. Due to the chemical stability of the conventional plastics, environmental accumulation is on the rise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Microplastics and Nanoplastics on Human Health

et al. 2021

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Plastics have enormous impacts to every aspect of daily life including technology, medicine and treatments, and domestic appliances. Most of the used plastics are thrown away by consumers after a single use, which has become a huge environmental problem as they will end up in landfill, oceans and other waterways. These plastics are discarded in vast numbers each day, and the breaking down of the plastics from micro- to nano-sizes has led to worries about how toxic these plastics are to the environment and humans. While, there are several earlier studies reported the effects of micro- and nano-plastics have on the environment, there is scant research into their impact on the human body at subcellular or molecular levels. In particular, the potential of how nano-plastics move through the gut, lungs and skin epithelia in causing systemic exposure has not been examined thoroughly. This review explores thoroughly on how nanoplastics are created, how they behave/breakdown within the environment, levels of toxicity and pollution of these nanoplastics, and the possible health impacts on humans, as well as suggestions for additional research. This paper aims to inspire future studies into core elements of micro- and nano-plastics, the biological reactions caused by their specific and unusual qualities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Microplastics and Nanoplastics on Human Health

et al. 2021

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“…The incorporation of additives to polymers has become a hot research topic and has attracted attention from the researchers' community [1]. Such process improves the physical, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of polymers along with their performance in outdoor applications [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Process for the Synthesis and Use of Highly Aromatic Organosilanes as Additives for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films

et al. 2021

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Three organosilanes were synthesized in good yields from the condensation of 4,4′,4″-((phenylsilanetriyl)tris(oxy))tribenzaldehyde and 4-substituted anilines under acidic conditions. The structure of the organosilanes was confirmed using a variety of techniques. Organosilanes were mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and homogenous films were produced. The effect of long-term irradiation on the films containing organosilanes was tested using various methods. Monitoring the infrared spectra of PVC films before, during and after irradiation processes showed the formation of side products comprising polyene, carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. The intensities of absorption bands due to these functional groups were much lower in the presence of organosilanes as compared to the blank film. Also, the decrease in the weight and molecular weight of PVC films after irradiation was lower in the presence of organosilanes. Additionally, there was a minimal surface change of irradiated PVC in the presence of organosilanes. Clearly, organosilanes act as inhibitors, particularly the one containing the hydroxyl group, for the photodegradation of PVC. Different mechanisms were proposed to speculate the role played by organosilanes in stabilizing PVC against long-term ultraviolet light exposure.

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“…Five types of antioxidant were used, including primary antioxidants such as hindered phenol, whose function is to scavenge peroxy radical intermediates (ROO˙) in the photo-oxidation process [ 19 ]. Another is secondary antioxidants such as phosphite, which is frequently referred to as a hydroperoxide (OOH) decomposer and acts to convert hydroperoxides into nonradical, nonreactive, and thermally stable products [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Adding Antioxidants on the Lightfastness Improvement of Refined Oriental Lacquer

Lee

2021

Polymers

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Refined oriental lacquer (ROL) is a natural polymeric material with a satiny texture, elegant beauty, and high durability for wood furniture and handicraft finishing. However, its poor lightfastness, which results from the photo-degradation or photo-oxidation of its main component, catechol derivatives, must be improved for its widespread utilization. In this study, two experiments were performed. First, five types of antioxidants, including three primary antioxidants, such as 2,2′-methylenebis(6-nonyl-p-cresol) (coded as AO-1), 2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) (AO-2), and bis [4-(2-phenyl-2-propyl) phenyl] amine (AO-N), and two secondary antioxidants, such as tris (2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphite (AO-P) and dilauryl thiodipropionate (AO-S), were investigated to determine which is the most effective for improving the lightfastness of ROL. Secondly, the appropriate quantity of the best antioxidant, including 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 phr, was also determined. The lightfastness parameters, such as brightness difference (ΔL*), yellowness difference (ΔYI), and color difference (ΔE*), as well as other coating and film properties, were assessed. The results showed that the primary antioxidants had higher efficiency than secondary antioxidants for improving the lightfastness of ROL. Among the primary antioxidants, the 5 phr AO-N was the most effective at improving the lightfastness of ROL; however, 1 phr addition had already shown significantly improved efficiency. In addition, the drying time of ROL was extended and film properties decreased when increasing the content of AO-N, but the 1-phr-containing ROL displayed superior film properties, especially adhesion and bending resistance, compared with the raw ROL film.

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Additives in Polymers

Cited by 86 publications

References 44 publications

Impact of Microplastics and Nanoplastics on Human Health

Impact of Microplastics and Nanoplastics on Human Health

A Process for the Synthesis and Use of Highly Aromatic Organosilanes as Additives for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films

Effects of Adding Antioxidants on the Lightfastness Improvement of Refined Oriental Lacquer

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