Plastics have enormous impacts to every aspect of daily life including technology, medicine and treatments, and domestic appliances. Most of the used plastics are thrown away by consumers after a single use, which has become a huge environmental problem as they will end up in landfill, oceans and other waterways. These plastics are discarded in vast numbers each day, and the breaking down of the plastics from micro- to nano-sizes has led to worries about how toxic these plastics are to the environment and humans. While, there are several earlier studies reported the effects of micro- and nano-plastics have on the environment, there is scant research into their impact on the human body at subcellular or molecular levels. In particular, the potential of how nano-plastics move through the gut, lungs and skin epithelia in causing systemic exposure has not been examined thoroughly. This review explores thoroughly on how nanoplastics are created, how they behave/breakdown within the environment, levels of toxicity and pollution of these nanoplastics, and the possible health impacts on humans, as well as suggestions for additional research. This paper aims to inspire future studies into core elements of micro- and nano-plastics, the biological reactions caused by their specific and unusual qualities.

No abstract

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have improved our understanding of cancer treatment and allowed the opportunity to develop novel delivery systems for cancer therapy. The biological complexities of cancer and tumour micro-environments have been shown to be highly challenging when treated with a single therapeutic approach. Current co-delivery systems which involve delivering small molecule drugs and short-interfering RNA (siRNA) have demonstrated the potential of effective suppression of tumour growth. It is worth noting that a considerable number of studies have demonstrated the synergistic effect of co-delivery systems combining siRNA and small molecule drugs, with promising results when compared to single-drug approaches. This review focuses on the recent advances in co-delivery of siRNA and small molecule drugs. The co-delivery systems are categorized based on the material classes of drug carriers. We discuss the critical properties of materials that enable co-delivery of two distinct anti-tumour agents with different properties. Key examples of co-delivery of drug/siRNA from the recent literature are highlighted and discussed. We summarize the current and emerging issues in this rapidly changing field of research in biomaterials for cancer treatments.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

In this 21th century, the demand for glucose sensors in monitoring diabetes reaches a year-on-year peak due to the unhealthy lifestyle of society. Therefore, it is the utmost important task for scientists and researchers to develop a highly efficient and effective glucose sensor. However, conventional enzymatic glucose sensors have showed some drawbacks and the underlying issues faced by enzymatic glucose sensors are outlined in this paper. With the tremendous advancement of science and technology, the field of diabetes monitoring has evolved from enzymatic to nonenzymatic glucose sensor that heavily emphasized on the usage of nanomaterial. This transformation is supported by various justifications such as a better stability of nonenzymatic sensors towards the surrounding, higher sensitivity and ease of fabrication. Numerous materials including graphene, noble metals, (transition) metal oxides and composites have been explored for its potential in the development and performance improvement of nonenzymatic glucose sensors. This paper reviewed nonenzymatic glucose sensors, their mechanism of glucose oxidation and various promising graphene-based nanocomposite systems as well as the challenges and future perspectives of glucose biosensors.

No abstract