Additively Manufactured Multi-Morphology Bone-like Porous Scaffolds: Experiments and Micro-Computed Tomography-Based Finite Element Modeling Approaches

Abstract

Tissue engineering, whose aim is to repair or replace damaged tissues by combining the principle of biomaterials and cell transplantation, is one of the most important and interdisciplinary fields of regenerative medicine. Despite remarkable progress, there are still some limitations in the tissue engineering field, among which designing and manufacturing suitable scaffolds. With the advent of additive manufacturing (AM), a breakthrough happened in the production of complex geometries. In this vein, AM has enhanced the field of bioprinting in generating biomimicking organs or artificial tissues possessing the required porous graded structure. In this study, triply periodic minimal surface structures, suitable to manufacture scaffolds mimicking bone’s heterogeneous nature, have been studied experimentally and numerically; the influence of the printing direction and printing material has been investigated. Various multi-morphology scaffolds, including gyroid, diamond, and I-graph and wrapped package graph (I-WP), with different transitional zone, have been three-dimensional (3D) printed and tested under compression. Further, a micro-computed tomography (μCT) analysis has been employed to obtain the real geometry of printed scaffolds. Finite element analyses have been also performed and compared with experimental results. Finally, the scaffolds’ behavior under complex loading has been investigated based on the combination of μCT and finite element modeling.

4D printing: Technological developments in robotics applications

“…4DP of intelligent/smart materials has been utilized to develop soft devices such as sensors, actuators, robotics, and grippers for a wide range of engineering applications, as illustrated in Figure 12. The main goal of 4DP is to develop multi-functional and smart devices, for these applications [264]. This section incorporates various engineering and biomedical applications of 4D-printed robotics.…”

Auxetic metamaterials for bone-implanted medical devices: Recent advances and new perspectives

“…However, such complicated architectures require precise fabrication techniques (Abdelaal and Darwish, 2012). Fortunately, by emerging and developing additive manufacturing (AM), the fabrication of complicated structures has been facilitated (Contessi Negrini et al, 2022;Noroozi et al, 2022a;Noroozi et al, 2022b;Shirzad et al, 2021). Hence, numerous researchers have combined AM techniques with biomedical engineering to fabricate auxetic bone implants such as femoral bone implants and bone screws.…”

Direct Ink Write Printing of Chitin-Based Gel Fibers with Customizable Fibril Alignment, Porosity, and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications

“…Raney et al even reported the inducing of an angle of the fibril alignment by applying a spinning motion to the nozzle [ 11 ]. Moreover, Noroozzi et al (2021) showed how, in 3D printing, the geometry of the printed material also strongly influenced the final material properties, adding an additional level to the hierarchical structure of the material [ 12 ].…”