Additive Manufacturing Polyurethane Acrylate via Stereolithography for 3D Structure Polymer Electrolyte Application

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D-printing technology, is currently integrated in many fields as it possesses an attractive fabrication process. In this work, we deployed the 3D-print stereolithography (SLA) method to print polyurethane acrylate (PUA)-based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). The printed PUA GPE was then characterized through several techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The printed GPE exhibited high ionic conductivity of 1.24 × 10−3 S cm−1 at low-lithium-salt content (10 wt.%) in ambient temperature and favorable thermal stability to about 300 °C. The FTIR results show that addition of LiClO4 to the polymer matrix caused a shift in carbonyl, ester and amide functional groups. In addition, FTIR deconvolution peaks of LiClO4 show 10 wt.% has the highest amount of free ions, in line with the highest conductivity achieved. Finally, the PUA GPE was printed into 3D complex structure to show SLA flexibility in designing an electrolyte, which could be a potential application in advanced battery fabrication.

Comprehensive Review on Fabricating Bioactive Ceramic Bone Scaffold Using Vat Photopolymerization

“…87,106,117,129,130 Oligomers have higher functionality and groups that form the backbone of the polymer chain, such as epoxy acrylate (EA) and polyurethane acrylate (PUA). 69,86,127,131,132 Camargo et al 24 gave a detailed summary of the types and properties of photosensitive resins commonly used in UV-curable ceramic suspensions, providing a reference for the selection of photosensitive resin.…”

“…The reaction of photosensitive monomers, oligomers, and photoinitiators is usually based on UV-light activated photopolymerization (Figure ). Photosensitive monomers are small molecules with one or more functional groups, such as 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), β-carboxyethyl acrylates (β-CEA), poly­(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate (Di-TMPTA). ,,,, Oligomers have higher functionality and groups that form the backbone of the polymer chain, such as epoxy acrylate (EA) and polyurethane acrylate (PUA). ,,,, Camargo et al gave a detailed summary of the types and properties of photosensitive resins commonly used in UV-curable ceramic suspensions, providing a reference for the selection of photosensitive resin.…”

(Meth)acrylate-Free Three-Dimensional Printing of Bio-Derived Photocurable Resins with Terpene- and Itaconic Acid-Derived Poly(ester-thioether)s

“…Among the different 3D printing technologies, vat photopolymerization has attracted attention from the scientific community and industrial manufacturing sector because it can be used to assemble numerous polymeric materials into complex shapes with very high resolutions, which have applications ranging from biomedicine to dentistry and jewelry. − Vat photopolymerization is the spatially confined photopolymerization of a liquid resin placed in a transparent vat using a light source (usually ultraviolet (UV) or blue visible radiation). Vat photopolymerization is usually used for manufacturing polymeric thermoset or elastomeric materials and relies on the radical photopolymerization of acrylates, , methacrylates, , or thiol–ene , multicomponent systems. Although (meth)­acrylates photopolymerize with high efficiency to form 3D objects with tunable mechanical properties, their abundant use is attracting increasing concern because of their toxicity and environmental impact.…”

Electrical, Thermal, and Structural Characterization of Plant-Based 3D Printed Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Future Electrochemical Applications

“…If some changes are made to these elements, they could alter the properties or functionality of the 3D printed outcomes. The choice of materials for SLA is currently limited since the method requires a photopolymer [ 27 ]. Plant-based photopolymer is one of the materials that has attracted much interest because it is environmentally friendly, abundant in nature, and it also has non-toxic properties, biodegradability features, and ecological benignity [ 28 ].…”