Comprehensive Review on Fabricating Bioactive Ceramic Bone Scaffold Using Vat Photopolymerization

Abstract

In recent years, bioactive ceramic bone scaffolds have drawn remarkable attention as an alternative method for treating and repairing bone defects. Vat photopolymerization (VP) is a promising additive manufacturing (AM) technique that enables the efficient and accurate fabrication of bioactive ceramic bone scaffolds. This review systematically reviews the research progress of VP-printed bioactive ceramic bone scaffolds. First, a summary and comparison of commonly used bioactive ceramics and different VP techniques are provided. This is followed by a detailed introduction to the preparation of ceramic suspensions and optimization of printing and heat treatment processes. The mechanical strength and biological performance of the VP-printed bioactive ceramic scaffolds are then discussed. Finally, current challenges and future research directions in this field are highlighted.

Review on vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing of bioactive ceramic bone scaffolds

“…There is also an unmatched relationship between the degradation rates of single-component bioceramics and the growth rates of new bone tissues. 140 Therefore, material design and preparation of ceramic-based composite materials, including ceramics/ceramics, ceramics/metal, ceramic/polymers, or ceramics/metal/polymers, are necessary to regulate the printing, debinding, and sintering performance, as well as mechanical and biological properties.…”

Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4) Containing Composites for Biomedical Applications: Formulations, Properties, and Applications

“…Other examples include biomimetic synthesis [177,178,183,184], the use of amino acid-coated gold nanosized particles as scaffolds to grow CDHA [185], and the preparation of nanosized HA/PA biocomposites [186,187]. In some cases, mechanochemical routes [188,189], emulsions [190][191][192][193][194][195], lyophilization [171,196,197] and freeze-thaw techniques [198], and gel templating mineralization [198,199], as well as vat photopolymerization [200], can be applied to produce CaPO 4 -based biocomposites. Various techniques, such as in situ preparation, spark plasma synthesis, hydrothermal treatment, biomimetic mineralization, hot isostatic pressing, electrochemical deposition, and ball milling, have been used to prepare graphene/HA nanocomposites [178].…”

Recycled Polyurethane (rPU)-Block-Hydroxybutyl-Terminated Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (hbPDMS) (rPU-b-hbPDMS) Copolymer Nanocomposites for Osteoblast Cell Regeneration

“…Since several biomaterials are bioactive and degradable, they are used to develop porous scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. 3 However, various natural and synthetic PUs have wide applications in the biomedical field 4 due to their impressive mechanical property, biocompatibility, and tolerable flexural strength. Regardless of having good recognition and uses in the biomedical domain, the synthesis of PU using postconsumer PET waste is a potential alternative having double-fold benefits.…”

“…Furthermore, the porous scaffold system for orthopedic implantation must be biodegradable and biocompatible and should have sufficient mechanical strength. Since several biomaterials are bioactive and degradable, they are used to develop porous scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration . However, various natural and synthetic PUs have wide applications in the biomedical field due to their impressive mechanical property, biocompatibility, and tolerable flexural strength.…”