Additive manufacturing of functionally graded Co–Fe and Ni–Fe magnetic materials

A Review on Functionally Graded Materials and Structures via Additive Manufacturing: From Multi‐Scale Design to Versatile Functional Properties

“…[219] Another combinatorial graded alloy with magnetic was produced via a laser-based AM method, exhibiting a saturation magnetization (M s ) value of 248 emu g −1 from 199.3 emu g −1 for Co100-xFex alloys, and a value of 168.7 emu g −1 from 119.8 emu g −1 for Ni100-xFex. [220] 4.6. Other Applications…”

“…[57] Recently, number of studies have focused on 4D printing, which is a concept of producing SMM via 3D printing. [220][221][222] With the tailoring of microstructural properties, 4D-printed components made via FGAM can realize more complicated geometrical transformations (such as functionally graded folding, graded curling, graded contracting, graded expansion and other transformations [223] ) by strategically controlling the density and directionality of stimuli-responsive materials. [57] Research into 4D printing of FGMs or FGSs have been reported recently.…”

Soft chemistry synthesis and laser powder bed fusion processing of Fe–Ni alloy based powders: A route for the manufacturing of porous multiphase Fe–Ni alloy parts

“…The literature reports many works on AM of metallic 3D parts including aluminum and titanium alloys, steels [12,15] and in a lesser extent, Fe-Ni alloys. Fe-Ni alloys parts were AM processed by Laser Melting Deposition (LMD) [16,17] or, most frequently, by LPBF [11,13,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. The LPBF studies deal with the influence of the modification of the laser parameters (power, scanning velocity and strategy, hatch spacing) on the evolution of the microstructure [19,[21][22], the CTE values [13,[23][24], the magnetic [15,[17][18][19][20] and mechanical properties [11,21,25] of the Fe-Ni parts.…”

“…Fe-Ni alloys parts were AM processed by Laser Melting Deposition (LMD) [16,17] or, most frequently, by LPBF [11,13,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. The LPBF studies deal with the influence of the modification of the laser parameters (power, scanning velocity and strategy, hatch spacing) on the evolution of the microstructure [19,[21][22], the CTE values [13,[23][24], the magnetic [15,[17][18][19][20] and mechanical properties [11,21,25] of the Fe-Ni parts. Depending on the lasing conditions, Fe-Ni alloys keep their fcc or bcc crystallographic structure [13,20] or evolve towards the formation of precipitates with a crystallographic structure different from that of the starting alloy (bcc Fe-Ni precipitates in a fcc Fe-Ni matrix or the reverse) [18][19]21].…”

Adoption of Additive Manufacturing Processes Toward 3D Printed Electronics

“…The operation of electrical motors at higher speeds and smaller sizes could be facilitated by developing magnetically soft magnetic and mechanically strong materials [115]. Previous studies on producing soft magnetic alloys, including Fe-Ni [116], [117], [118], Fe-Ni-V, and Fe-Ni-Mo [119], [120] show that AM is a promising approach to prepare soft magnetic materials.…”