Additional upper pleistocene human remains from Vindija cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia

Smith, Fred H.; Boyd, Donna C.; Malez, Mirko

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330680308

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Smith and Ahern (1994:279) describe the level Gl zygomatic and supraorbital fragments as coming from Neandertals. The posterior fragment of left parietal at lambda (from the contact between levels Fd/d and Fd) belongs more probably to Homo sapiens sapiens than to Neanderthal (Smith, Boyd, and Malez 1985), as corresponds to the absolute dating and to a probably Late Aurignacian industry in these levels. However, the three isolated teeth of possible Neanderthal morphology found in level Fd are debatable.…”

Section: Vindija Fauna and Hominidsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Upper Paleolithic Occupation Levels and Late-Occurring Neandertal at Vindija Cave (Croatia) in the Context of Central Europe and the Balkans

Karavanić¹

1995

Journal of Anthropological Research

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Section: Vindija Fauna and Hominidsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Upper Paleolithic Occupation Levels and Late-Occurring Neandertal at Vindija Cave (Croatia) in the Context of Central Europe and the Balkans

Karavanić¹

1995

Journal of Anthropological Research

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“…Furthermore, extensive archaeological and faunal remains were collected. Numerous publications have dealt with the findings from Vindija (Malez, 1975(Malez, , 1980Malez and Rukavina, 1979;Malez et al, 1980;Wolpoff et al, 1981;Malez and Ullrich, 1982;Smith et al, 1985Smith et al, , 1999Smith and Ahern, 1994;Karavanić, 1995;Trinkaus and Smith, 1995;Wild et al, 2001;Ahern et al, 2002).…”

Section: History Of Excavationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ten specimens from level F are associated with an Aurignacianlike industry (Karavanić, 1995;Wolpoff et al, 1981). Their morphology is enigmatic, resembling both Neandertals and modern humans in the limited anatomy that is preserved (Wolpoff et al, 1981;Smith et al, 1985;Wolpoff, 1999). The most recent Vindija hominid sample is from level D and is associated with a late Upper Paleolithic industry.…”

Section: Stratigraphy and Chronologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Units H and F and levels G 4 and G 3 represent colder periods, while G 1 and G 5 represent warmer periods (Malez et al, 1984;Wolpoff et al, 1981). Based on correlation with sites from the Moravian Karst (Wolpoff et al, 1981;Smith et al, 1985), the single AMS radiocarbon date of >42,000 (Krings et al, 2000;see Table 1), and a U/Th date of cave bear bone of 41,000+1000/ 900 yrs BP (Wild et al, 2001), the important hominid-fossil bearing level G 3 correlates to the Lower Wü rm stadial (following the Moravian Karst sequence: Musil and Valoch, 1966;Valoch, 1968). Radiocarbon dates for the Lower Würm stadial level (7a) at Kulna range from 38,600+920/ 800 yrs BP to 45,660+2850/ 2200 yrs BP (Valoch, 1977(Valoch, /1978(Valoch, , 1981.…”

Section: Stratigraphy and Chronologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to avoid confusion, we will use the old inventory numbers for all earlier described Vindija specimens (see Wolpoff et al, 1981;Malez and Ullrich, 1982;Smith et al, 1985, Smith andAhern, 1994), while the new specimens are referred to under the new numbering system. Old and new inventory numbers and other details for all of the Vindija specimens described here are given in Table 2.…”

Section: Note On the New Numbering Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New discoveries and interpretations of hominid fossils and artifacts from Vindija Cave, Croatia

Ahern

Karavanić

Paunović

et al. 2004

Journal of Human Evolution

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Beginning with excavations during the 1970s, Vindija Cave (Croatia) has yielded significant Middle and Upper Paleolithic fossil and archaeological finds. We report on seven recently identified hominid fossils, a newly associated partial hominid cranial vault from level G 3 , nine possible bone retouchers, and a revised interpretation of the Mousterian artifact assemblage from the site. This new information reinforces our knowledge of the complex biocultural phenomena revealed in unit G and earlier deposits at Vindija. Six of the new hominid fossils derive from stratigraphic units G and I, while one lacks exact provenience. All specimens preserving diagnostic anatomy are from Neandertals. One of the postcranial remains, a radius fragment which exhibits Neandertal-like anatomy, comes from level G 1 and is congruent with the previously established association of Neandertals with an early Upper Paleolithic industry at the site. The partial cranial vault represents the most complete Neandertal from Vindija. The possible retouchers derive from unit G. Our analysis of these artifacts suggests that both percussion and pressure techniques may have been used by Neandertals in the final stage of tool production (retouching).This paper also presents a revision of the artifact analysis for late Mousterian level G 3 . We separated raw materials into two main groups due to the differing ways that the materials fracture and the differing morphology of the debitage. The use of raw material in level G 3 is different from earlier Middle Paleolithic levels at Vindija. This indicates that the G 3 late Neandertals were making choices regarding source material somewhat more like the Upper Paleolithic people at the site. When interpreted within a larger regional framework, the Vindija archaeological and hominid fossil remains demonstrate a complex, mosaic pattern of biocultural change in the Late Pleistocene of south-central Europe.

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Makers of the early Aurignacian of Europe

Churchill¹,

Smith²

2000

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

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183

101

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Despite intensive study and a number of remarkable discoveries in the last two decades of the 20th century, our understanding of the cultural and biological processes that resulted in the emergence of the Upper Paleolithic and the establishment of modern humans in Interpleniglacial Europe remains far from complete. There is active debate concerning the timing and location of the origins of the Aurignacian, the nature of the origins of Initial Upper Paleolithic industries (whether by autochthonous development or through acculturation by Aurignacian peoples), the timing of the appearance of early modern humans and the disappearance of the Neandertals, and the relationship of archeologically defined cultures to these different types of hominids. Frustrating our attempts to address these latter two questions is a general paucity of taxonomically diagnostic human fossil material from early Upper Paleolithic contexts. We undertake here a review of the human fossil record of Interpleniglacial Europe, and its archeological and chronological context, to clarify to the extent possible the nature of the relationship between hominid groups and the earliest Upper Paleolithic artifact industries, particularly the early Aurignacian. Although substantial difficulties involved in interpreting the fossil, archeological, and geochronological records of this time period prohibit making any definitive statements, a number of observations are suggested by the current data: 1) the Middle Paleolithic of Europe appears to have been made exclusively by Neandertals; 2) Initial Upper Paleolithic industries (with the exception of the Bachokirian) appear to have their roots in the late Middle Paleolithic industries of their respective regions; 3) all of the human fossils yet recovered from Initial Upper Paleolithic (except the Bachokirian) contexts for which any diagnostic morphology is present have their greatest morphological affinities with Neandertals and not early modern humans; 4) modern humans were almost certainly established in Europe by ca. 32 ky BP, with a strong possibility that they were there by ca. 36 ky BP. Claims for an appearance before 36 ky BP cannot be substantiated with currently available evidence; 5) the hypothesis that modern humans are uniquely associated with the Aurignacian cannot yet be refuted. Aurignacian-associated human fossils (including those from the Bachokirian) for which any diagnostic morphology is present have their greatest affinities with early modern Europeans and not Neandertals; and 6) Neandertals and modern humans coexisted in Europe for at least 2,000-4,000 years, and perhaps for 8,000-10,000 years or longer. The overall picture is one of an extended period of cultural contact, involving some degree of genetic exchange, between Neandertals and early modern Europeans.

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Additional upper pleistocene human remains from Vindija cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia

Cited by 25 publications

References 9 publications

Upper Paleolithic Occupation Levels and Late-Occurring Neandertal at Vindija Cave (Croatia) in the Context of Central Europe and the Balkans

Upper Paleolithic Occupation Levels and Late-Occurring Neandertal at Vindija Cave (Croatia) in the Context of Central Europe and the Balkans

New discoveries and interpretations of hominid fossils and artifacts from Vindija Cave, Croatia

Makers of the early Aurignacian of Europe

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