Adaptive PVD Steganography Using Horizontal, Vertical, and Diagonal Edges in Six-Pixel Blocks

Pradhan, Anita; Sekhar, K. Raja; Swain, Gandharba

doi:10.1155/2017/1924618

Cited by 39 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand the PSNR of type 1 is better than that of type 2. Table 6 represents the comparison of the proposed technique with the adaptive PVD technique in [26] and hybrid techniques in [27,28]. The comparison parameters are average PSNR and average hiding capacity values.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two variants of adaptive PVD technique possess lesser hiding capacity as compared to the proposed eight-directional PVD. As the hiding capacity of adaptive PVD [26] is very little, so PSNR is larger. The hybrid technique proposed in [27] is a combination of PVD, LSB and EMD.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proposed, type 1 (t=3, Range Table 1) Proposed, type 2 (t=4, Range Table 6: Comparison of the proposed technique with techniques in [26][27][28].…”

Section: Images 512×512×3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Technique PSNR Capacity Amount of hidden data in stego image to compute PSNR 2×3 adaptive PVD [26] 50.93 1445645 One lakh and forty thousand (140,000) bits 3×2 adaptive PVD [26] 50.93 1435623 3 PVD +3 LSB +EMD, type 1 [27] 41.07 1686041…”

Section: Images 512×512×3mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Digital Image Steganography Using Eight-Directional PVD against RS Analysis and PDH Analysis

Swain

2018

Advances in Multimedia

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The least significant bit (LSB) substitution techniques are detected by RS analysis and the traditional pixel value differencing (PVD) approaches are detected by pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis. The PVD steganography can escape from PDH analysis by using the edges in multiple directions. This paper proposes a steganography technique by exploiting the edges in eight directions and also using LSB substitution to resist from both RS analysis and PDH analysis. For every 3×3 pixel block the central pixel is embedded with 3 or 4 bits of data by modified LSB substitution technique. Then this new value of the central pixel is utilized to calculate eight difference values with eight neighboring pixels. These eight difference values are used to hide the data. There are two types with regard to two different range tables. Type 1 uses 3 bit modified LSB substitution and range table 1. Type 2 uses 4 bit modified LSB substitution and range table 2. Type 1 and type 2 are also known as variant 1 and variant 2, respectively. Type 1 possesses higher PSNR and type 2 possesses higher hiding capacity.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proposed, type 1 (t=3, Range Table 1) Proposed, type 2 (t=4, Range Table 6: Comparison of the proposed technique with techniques in [26][27][28].…”

Section: Images 512×512×3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Images 512×512×3mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Digital Image Steganography Using Eight-Directional PVD against RS Analysis and PDH Analysis

Swain

2018

Advances in Multimedia

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“…An adaptive PVD using 1×3 pixel blocks is proposed in [12]. Subsequently to improve upon the hiding capacity and PSNR, 2×2 pixel block adaptive PVD and 2×3 pixel block adaptive PVD have been proposed in [19] and [15], respectively. A mixture of least significant bit (LSB) substitution and non-adaptive PVD is proposed using 1×3 pixel blocks by Khodaei and Faez [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A data hiding technique by mixing MFPVD and LSB substitution in a pixel

Swain

2018

ITC

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Pixel difference range mismatch at sender and receiver is a major problem with pixel value differencing (PVD) steganography techniques. This paper proposes a new steganography technique combining modulus function PVD (MFPVD) and least significant bit (LSB) substitution to address the range mismatch problem. It uses 2×3 size pixel blocks to utilize the edges in five directions. The two LSBs of all the pixels of the block form the lower bit plane block. It is also known as remainder block. Similarly, the six most significant bits (MSBs) of all the pixels of the block form the higher bit plane block. It is also known as quotient block. The quotient block is formed by applying quotient division on all the pixels of the pixel block. Similarly, the remainder block is formed by applying remainder division on all the pixels of the pixel block. MFPVD is applied on the quotient block. The central quotient in the quotient block is considered as reference value and five difference values with five neighboring quotients are calculated. Based on the average of these five difference values, the hiding capacity in all the five directions is decided. The central remainder value in the remainder block acts as an indicator to represent the number of bits hidden in each of these five quotients, so that data extraction can be done successfully. In remaining five remainders LSB substitution is applied. The experimental results prove that there are no step effects in pixel difference histograms of stego-images. It means that the pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis cannot detect this proposed technique. Further, it is also justified that the proposed technique achieves higher hiding capacity as compared to the existing techniques without compromising the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR).

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Image Encryption for Secure Internet Transfer

Chaitanya

Koshy

Kumar

et al. 2021

Smart Technologies in Data Science and Communication

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been an important aspect of consideration in daily life communication and with the advent of including sensitive data like corporate files, personal data etc., increasingly moving online, it has become more important than ever to provide secure communication methods. One such method is using encryption and steganography. Encryption is the process of converting ordinary plaintext data into an alternative form that is unreadable by perpetrators without authorization. Furthermore, steganography is the practice of hiding a file, message, video, or image within another such file. In this paper, we introduce a web-application that will enable the user to encrypt the data in a file of his choice and then hide it within a picture or GIF. This will provide the layman an application that is easy to use to communicate securely, even without extensive technical knowledge. The encryption algorithm used will be the AES-256 algorithm and the steganographic algorithm will be Syndrome-Trellis Codes (STCs) for their high embedding efficiency. The results display that the system designed offers a significant security level.

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Adaptive PVD Steganography Using Horizontal, Vertical, and Diagonal Edges in Six-Pixel Blocks

Cited by 39 publications

References 25 publications

Digital Image Steganography Using Eight-Directional PVD against RS Analysis and PDH Analysis

Digital Image Steganography Using Eight-Directional PVD against RS Analysis and PDH Analysis

A data hiding technique by mixing MFPVD and LSB substitution in a pixel

Image Encryption for Secure Internet Transfer

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