“…They are however more complicated than levelset methods in three spatial dimensions and it is difficult to compute accurate smooth geometric properties such as curvatures from the volume fraction alone, although we refer the reader to the interesting work of Popinet on this issue [111]. Also, we note that phase-field models have been extensively used in the case of solidification processes [20,37,57,68,69,67,94,57,112,113]. However, these models do not represent the interface in a sharp fashion, which in turn leads to a degradation of the accuracy where it matters most and impose sometimes stringent time step restrictions.…”