“…[2][3][4] Two main factors are enabling this transition: the invention of multiphoton microscopes, notably the two-photon microscope, 5,6 and adaptive optics. 7,8 While one-photon methods, especially confocal microscopy, have been and will continue to be immensely useful across a wide range of conditions, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy is often the method of choice for imaging in tissue because it benefits from intrinsic optical sectioning, cellular resolution, high sensitivity, and high imaging rate. Importantly, it is resilient to image degradation from the light scattering in tissue thanks to the nonlinear dependence upon illumination intensity as well as the detection scheme, which singles out ballistic photons, which carry information about the sample and discriminates against scattered photons, which carry no spatial information.…”