Adaptive Independent Component Analysis–Based Cross-Correlation Techniques along with Empirical Mode Decomposition for Water Pipeline Leakage Localization Utilizing Acousto-Optic Sensors

Acoustic feature-based leakage event detection in near real-time for large-scale water distribution networks

“…To mitigate the requirement of large acoustic datasets for effective model training, the need to identify useful acoustic data features for leak detection has since garnered some research interest. For example, Kothandaraman et al (2020) coupled conventional cross-correlation analysis with EMD to detect and localize pipe leakages underground, and Ning et al (2021) recently developed a useful framework that couples EEMD and random forest algorithm to classify the different types of leaks. While these studies have quantitatively demonstrated the usefulness of EMD or EEMD pre-processing methods to remove ambient noises embedded in the acoustic signals, we again highlight that they were mainly collected under controlled lab-scale experiments where the frequency of the environmental noises (e.g., blowing fans, pump noise) can be identified easily and removed/filtered to extract the most useful leakage acoustic frequency.…”

Application of fiber optics in water distribution networks for leak detection and localization: a mixed methodology-based review

“…Acousto-optic fibers. Kothandaraman et al (2020b) proposed the adaptive independent component analysis (ICA) approach for leak detection and localization using acousto-optic sensors. The study was based on the cross-correlation technique aided with an empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to detect and locate leaks in water pipelines.…”

“…However, a drawback of the study is that accurate leak localization in long distance pipes without foregoing accuracy is an area that needs attention. Kothandaraman et al (2020a) extended their study in Kothandaraman et al (2020b) and used a non-Gaussianity adaptive algorithm to separate leak vibration waves from the convoluted impulse response of the pipe with the noise. The study explored a new time delay estimation method to locate water leaks in a real-time distribution system.…”

“…The result revealed that the proposed method is reliable regarding leak localization in the water pipeline. The bottom line is that Kothandaraman et al (2020b) created an improved version of ICA that renders better results. The major drawbacks of the study include that (1) leak simulation was limited to only one hole and (2) placement of the two-fiber optics sensor was randomly carried around the leak point.…”

“…However, fiber optics technology presents some useful advantages over other available methods and techniques such as the capability of multi-leak detection, swift response time, and concurrent transmission of feedback data (Mirzaei et al 2013). Fiber optics technology also offers some special advantages such as resistance to sound and noise, flexibility, appropriateness for underwater application, suitability under aggressive environments, and immunity against electromagnetic waves (Kothandaraman et al 2020b).…”