Acoustic technologies are popular for detection of leak detriments in water pipelines. However, problems of false alarms, detection of weak or difficult leaks, accurate leak pinpointing, and the high cost of long-term monitoring remain prevalent. These issues demand a more sophisticated testing approach suitable for real-world application. In particular, hydrophone technology has strong promise for long-range leak detection in high attenuation conditions. However, existing review studies only cover the methods of leak detection holistically with limited insight into the practical implementation of sensing technologies for water leak detection. In particular, the problem of detecting and localizing leaks using hydro-acoustic data has not been yet extensively studied. The current study, therefore, presents a state-of-the-art review of the extant literature on water leak detection and localization taking hydrophones as a good example of hydro-acoustic water leak detection. The study compares hydrophones with other popular sensing technologies like accelerometers and guides on its better application for detecting water leaks. Current research directions, gaps, and future work foci are also identified to enable further development of a hydrophone-based water leak detection system. Review shows that existing experiments are limited to controlled conditions where impacts of surrounding strata, ambient noise, and difficult pipe geometries cannot be studied. Future studies can apply the technology to real-life cases, developing faster analytical methods and hybrid solutions using a multi-sensing approach. This can help water leak experts enormously in cost-effective, efficient detection of leaks.
Purpose
The formal application of project risk management (PRM) in green building projects is still an emergent part of project management. The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual PRM framework that increases the probability of success in green building projects by minimizing unexpected events.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper interprets the related literature and uses the opinion of green building experts. It exposes some pertinent elements needed for structuring the PRM framework and suggests some mitigation actions for high-ranked risks. It also performs ex-post analysis on a case study to practically validate the proposed framework.
Findings
It is found that high initial cost, lack of experienced contractors and subcontractors, consideration of lifecycle inflation and experience in green building project management are the most significant risks. To address them, the framework proposes a rigorous selection of contractors, provision of financial incentives from the government, setting of a time buffer to accommodate legal process and development of a deliberate proactive financial model.
Originality/value
This paper contributes to the body of knowledge and practice by providing a reasonable strategy for employing the PRM framework capable of effectively managing risk in green building projects to keep organizations competitive within the business environment. The overall aim of this study is to contribute to the further development of the area of risk assessment and risk management from a knowledge-based perspective.
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