Adaptations in interlimb and intralimb coordination to asymmetrical loading in human walking

Altered inter-joint coordination during walking in patients with total hip arthroplasty

“…The cross-correlation measures quantified temporal differences in the phase shift, and the RMS differences reported differences in the magnitude and changes in the patterns of relative phases. A high cross-correlation coefficient with a low RMS difference would indicate that the two curves are similar [18]. The variability of inter-joint coordination of each subject was assessed with the average value of all standard deviations calculated for each data point over a gait cycle from all CRP curves, namely the deviation phase (DP), which represented the cycle to cycle variability and compared the systemic inter-joint characteristics within a gait cycle.…”

“…However, a reduced variability could be recognized as lack of flexibility [11,12], and an excessive variability may also reflect the presence of injuries, risks of injuries or diseases altering motor control patterns [13][14][15][16][17]. With the use of an asymmetrical leg loading, Haddad et al [18] were able to demonstrate modifications in the inter-and intra-limb coordination and suggested the need of examining inter-joint coordination in pathological gait analysis.…”

Bilateral Adaptation During Locomotion Following a Unilaterally Applied Resistance to Swing in Nondisabled Adults

“…Here adaptation occurs within interlimb coordination parameters or coordination parameters between the trunk and limbs. In the other form, the perturbation is applied to a single leg, for example by adding a weight to one leg (Donker et al 2002;Haddad et al 2006;Noble and Prentice 2006;Regnaux et al 2008) or resisting movement of one leg in some way, such as with a robotic device (Emken and Reinkensmeyer 2005;Gordon and Ferris 2007;Lam et al 2006;Noel et al 2009) or a viscous band attached to the leg (Blanchette and Bouyer 2009). In these studies, the adaptation is observed within the perturbed leg.…”

Simulation of gait asymmetry and energy transfer efficiency between unilateral and bilateral amputees

“…Gait asymmetry is often described as a ratio of the kinematic or kinetic parameters between the right and left sides [16]. Different parameters have been used to determine gait asymmetry for amputees such as ratio index [17], coefficients of variation [18], correlation coefficients [19], symmetry index [20], variance ratios [21], principal component analysis [22], and root-mean-square difference [23], symmetry angle [24], butterfly plot [25] and autocorrelation coefficient [26]. According to Kaufman et al [16], most of these tools have major limitations because they do not provide a measurement of the symmetry magnitude.…”