Adaptation to iron deficiency in human pathogenic fungi

Martínez‐Pastor, María Teresa; Puig, Sergi

doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118797

Cited by 27 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 172 publications

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“…It has been reported that C. glabrata can survive within the phagosome due to its ability to generate strong stress responses against ROS, neutralizing the phagocytic environment and thus escaping phagocytosis [ 72 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 ]. Such a phenomenon requires the activation of different genes in the pathogen ( Skn7p , Yap1p , Msn2p , and Msn4p ) [ 76 , 81 , 82 ] that encode proteins (Transcription factors Skn7, CgYap1, MSN2p, MSN4p) involved in detoxification and repair such as catalases, superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidases, and thioredoxins [ 76 , 80 , 81 , 83 ]. Both in C. albicans and C. glabrata these stress pathways are mainly regulated by the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) Hog1 [ 73 , 84 , 85 ], the Cap1 transcription factor, and the DNA damage checkpoint kinase Rad53, which, together with the CTA4 transcription factor, play an important role in triggering the response to osmotic, oxidative, and nitrosative stress [ 73 , 85 ].…”

Section: Immunological Regulation Of the Hostmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Candida glabrata Antifungal Resistance and Virulence Factors, a Perfect Pathogenic Combination

Frías-De-León¹,

Hernández‐Castro

Conde-Cuevas

et al. 2021

Pharmaceutics

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In recent years, a progressive increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) caused by Candida glabrata has been observed. The objective of this literature review was to study the epidemiology, drug resistance, and virulence factors associated with the C. glabrata complex. For this purpose, a systematic review (January 2001–February 2021) was conducted on the PubMed, Scielo, and Cochrane search engines with the following terms: “C. glabrata complex (C. glabrata sensu stricto, C. nivariensis, C. bracarensis)” associated with “pathogenicity” or “epidemiology” or “antibiotics resistance” or “virulence factors” with language restrictions of English and Spanish. One hundred and ninety-nine articles were found during the search. Various mechanisms of drug resistance to azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins were found for the C. glabrata complex, depending on the geographical region. Among the mechanisms found are the overexpression of drug transporters, gene mutations that alter thermotolerance, the generation of hypervirulence due to increased adhesion factors, and modifications in vital enzymes that produce cell wall proteins that prevent the activity of drugs designed for its inhibition. In addition, it was observed that the C. glabrata complex has virulence factors such as the production of proteases, phospholipases, and hemolysins, and the formation of biofilms that allows the complex to evade the host immune response and generate fungal resistance. Because of this, the C. glabrata complex possesses a perfect pathogenetic combination for the invasion of the immunocompromised host.

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Section: Immunological Regulation Of the Hostmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Micronutrient limitation is also an effective way to control the proliferation of pathogens [ 72 , 77 , 81 ]. This is especially true for micronutrients such as iron and zinc, which are important for the development of intracellular pathogens such as C. glabrata [ 87 ].…”

Section: Immunological Regulation Of the Hostmentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida glabrata Antifungal Resistance and Virulence Factors, a Perfect Pathogenic Combination

Frías-De-León¹,

Hernández‐Castro

Conde-Cuevas

et al. 2021

Pharmaceutics

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“…For most pathogens, including A. fumigatus , iron uptake is a critical virulence factor ( 22 , 23 ). In fact, pathogens have evolved sophisticated systems to acquire iron from the host to overcome the low iron bioavailability during invasion ( 1 , 20 , 24 , 25 ). A. fumigatus has a virulence-required siderophore-mediated iron acquisition system ( 26 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Antifungal Effect of a Combination of Iron Deficiency and Calcium Supplementation

Wang

et al. 2022

Microbiol Spectr

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“…Iron is critical for both humans and invading pathogens [6], it is correlated with the oxygen transport, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, lipid and sterol metabolism, mitochondrial respiration, chromatin remodeling, DNA replication and repair and so on [7]. The invading pathogens and the hosts compete for the use of iron [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The invading pathogens and the hosts compete for the use of iron [6]. In acute infectious diseases, including bacteria (such as S. Typhi [8]), fungi [7] (such as C.glabrata, C.albicans, A.fumigatus and C.neoformans) and virus (such as coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19 [9]), in ammatory factors, such as IL-6, could increase the expression of hepcidin to promote the degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin in duodenal enterocytes and macrophages [10][11][12][13][14], which could decrease the serum iron concentration by restricting iron uptake and macrophage iron release [15]. The dysregulation of iron release by macrophages could contribute to the survival of intracellular, macrophage-tropic bacteria [13], but could be detrimental to the extracellular pathogens [8,16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum iron, prealbumin, D-dimer and prothrombin time are indicators of the diagnosis, severity and outcome of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection

Wang

Liu

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Aims Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) infection is one of the main causes of foodborne illness among individuals in the military. In this study, we aimed to investigate indicators associated with the diagnosis, severity and outcome of S. Enteritidis infection, and to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated S. Enteritidis strains.Methods Routine stool test, fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs), routine blood tests and blood biochemical analyses were completed in our clinical laboratory. The stool samples were inoculated on Salmonella Shigella (SS) agar plates, the single bacterial colony was identified with mass spectrometry (MS). The serum agglutination test was performed to identify the Salmonella serotype. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) method with the VITEK 2 COMPACT analyzer.Results Recently, 6 patients from one company visited our department complaining of fever, watery stool, abdominal pain and so on. The patients’ white blood cell (WBC) counts (66.7%), neutrophil percentages (100%), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (100%), prothrombin times (PTs, 100%) and serum D-dimer concentrations (83.3%) were higher or longer than normal, while serum iron (100%) and prealbumin (83.3%) were lower than normal when they were admitted. Stool cultures and serovar identification results indicated S. Enteritidis infection. The antimicrobial susceptibility results showed that the 6 isolated bacterial strains were sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and levofloxacin, and resistant to ampicillin. All patients were administered levofloxacin accompanied by rifaximin and probiotics, and their symptoms and the abovementioned parameters were recovered. During the disease course, the prolonged PT, elevated D-dimer and decreased serum iron were positively correlated with severe symptoms and serum inflammatory indexes.Conclusion Prolonged PT, elevated D-dimer and hypoferremia were associated with the diagnosis, severity and outcome of S. Enteritidis infection, and a decreased prealbumin level was associated with the diagnosis of S. Enteritidis infection. In patients complaining of acute fever, watery stool and abdominal pain, PT, D-dimer，prealbumin and serum iron should be monitored to attain an early diagnosis and initiate appropriate treatment for S. Enteritidis infection.

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Adaptation to iron deficiency in human pathogenic fungi

Cited by 27 publications

References 172 publications

Candida glabrata Antifungal Resistance and Virulence Factors, a Perfect Pathogenic Combination

Candida glabrata Antifungal Resistance and Virulence Factors, a Perfect Pathogenic Combination

Synergistic Antifungal Effect of a Combination of Iron Deficiency and Calcium Supplementation

Serum iron, prealbumin, D-dimer and prothrombin time are indicators of the diagnosis, severity and outcome of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection

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