Adaptation or Resistance Responses of Microorganisms to Stresses in the Food Processing Environment

Ravishankar, Sadhana; Juneja, Vijay K.

doi:10.1201/9781420012828.ch5

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 289 publications

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“…to form biofilms provides protection from environmental stresses that impart resistance to cleaning and sanitizing agents (Ravishankar & Juneja, 2003;FAO/WHO, 2006). Kim et al (2007) showed that resistance of Cronobacter spp.…”

Section: Biofilm Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Jaradat

Mousa

Elbetieha

et al. 2014

Journal of Medical Microbiology

103

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The genus Cronobacter consists of a diverse group of Gram-negative bacilli and comprises seven species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis and Cronobacter condimenti. Cronobacter are regarded as opportunistic pathogens, and have been implicated in newborn and infant infections, causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and bacteraemia or sepsis. Cronobacter virulence is believed to be due to multiple factors. Some strains were found to produce diarrhoea or cause significant fluid accumulation in suckling mice. Two iron acquisition systems (eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA), Cronobacter plasminogen activator gene (cpa), a 17 kb type VI secretion system (T6SS), and a 27 kb filamentous haemagglutinin gene (fhaBC) and associated putative adhesins locus are harboured on a family of RepFIB-related plasmids (pESA3 and pCTU1), suggesting that these are common virulence plasmids; 98 % of 229 tested Cronobacter strains possessed these plasmids. Even though pESA3 and pCTU1 share a common backbone composed of the repA gene and eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA gene clusters, the presence of cpa, T6SS and FHA loci depended on species, demonstrating a strong correlation with the presence of virulence traits, plasmid type and species. Other factors were observed, in that Cronobacter form biofilms, and show unusual resistance to heat, dry and acid stress growth conditions. The outer-membrane protein A is probably one of the bestcharacterized virulence markers of Cronobacter. Furthermore, it was reported that Cronobacter employ phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalling, which activates protein kinase C-a and impairs the host cell's mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, in order to invade cells. Cronobacter can also use immature dendritic cells and macrophages to escape the immune response. This review addresses the various virulence and environmental-adaptive characteristics possessed by members of the genus Cronobacter.

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Section: Biofilm Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Jaradat

Mousa

Elbetieha

et al. 2014

Journal of Medical Microbiology

103

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“…Aged chicken litter used in the current study had higher levels of nutrients and metals, with the exception of calcium. Inducible resistance to heavy metal ions and its crossprotection against other stresses have been widely observed (13,27), although there are no reported data on the induced thermotolerance in the organisms due to adaptation to mild concentrations of heavy metals. Soil parameters that affect metal solubility in the soil solution include moisture status, total metal content, pH, organic matter, and clay content (10,19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Validating Thermal Inactivation of Salmonella spp. in Fresh and Aged Chicken Litter

Kim

Diao

Shepherd

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Our results revealed that a 7-log reduction of Salmonella can be achieved by exposing fresh chicken litter for 80.5 to 100.8, 78.4 to 93.1, and 44.1 to 63 min at 70, 75, and 80°C, respectively, depending on initial moisture contents. However, the aged chicken litter requires more heat treatment.A pproximately 14 million tons of poultry litter, most of which was broiler litter (68%), was produced on U.S. poultry farms in 1990, and over 90% of poultry litter is applied to agricultural land (22). However, the direct application of this waste material to agricultural land can be harmful to the environment due to nutrient and pathogenic microorganisms in runoff (14,29). Salmonella-contaminated litter can be a potential source of produce contamination in the agricultural field due to the prolonged survival of Salmonella in the environment (9, 17). Heat treatments are usually recommended to reduce or eliminate potential pathogenic microorganisms in animal wastes. To produce a heattreated product that tests negative or at less than the detection limit for Salmonella, the temperature range of 65 to 80°C for 30 to 60 min was recommended by different organizations or federal agencies (11,23,33). The California Leafy Green Marketing Agreement (LGMA) has a strict guideline for physically heattreated animal manure. A minimum temperature of 150°C for 60 min, resulting in a moisture content of less than 30%, and a negative result or a result that is less than the detection limit for fecal coliforms, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 are required (3). However, there were no defined heat sources (dry versus moist heat), varying time-temperature requirements, and microbial standards among the guidelines.Most research on heat inactivation of pathogens has shown that dry heat requires a much higher temperature than moist heat to achieve comparable pathogen inactivation in sludge (4,24,37). In contrast, there are few quantitative data on the effects of dry heat on pathogen inactivation. examined thermal inactivation of Salmonella artificially inoculated in sludge using dry heat. Salmonella populations were reduced by ca. 6 logs after 30 min and by more than 8 logs after 90 min at 80°C. Davey (8) calculated that the time required to inactivate clumps of bacteria heated in dry air is about 19 times more than in moist heat.The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermal inactivation of Salmonella spp. in chicken litter under different temperatures, moisture levels, and litter compositions.Preparation of chicken litter. Fresh chicken litter was collected daily from a chicken house of laying hens (single-comb white leghorns), which were raised on the Morgan poultry farm, Clemson, SC. The majority of the litter was feces mixed with a small amount of feathers and wasted feeds. The litter was dried under a hood until the moisture content was reduced to less than 30% and then ground to a particle size of less than 3 mm (sieve pore size, 3 by 3 mm). Aged chicken litter was collected from a local poultry farm (Westminster, SC) where 4...

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“…Interestingly, 8 isolates were obtained from production surfaces and machines, including the conveyor belts in the packaging room, but also the outer casing of a switchboard and a door handle in the raw fish area. These data stress the role of cleaning and the responsibility of workers in spreading L. monocytogenes contamination in the processing plant, considering the ability of this microorganism to produce biofilms (Ravishankar & Juneja, 2003).…”

Section: Listeria Monocytogenes In Smoked Salmonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Listeria monocytogenes isolated from the smoked salmon industry: Growth potential under different environmental conditions

2011

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Adaptation or Resistance Responses of Microorganisms to Stresses in the Food Processing Environment

Cited by 7 publications

References 289 publications

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Validating Thermal Inactivation of Salmonella spp. in Fresh and Aged Chicken Litter

Listeria monocytogenes isolated from the smoked salmon industry: Growth potential under different environmental conditions

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