Adaptation, optimization, and validation of a sensitive and robust method for the quantification of total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) in the spice merkén by HPLC-FLD with post-column derivatization

Palma, P.; Godoy, M.; Oyarce, M.; Calderón, R.

doi:10.1016/j.microc.2022.107342

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Recently, Iha et al 14 recommended using PBS containing 0.5 and 1% of Tween 20 in the mycotoxin extraction from paprika and spices, respectively, resulting in the reduction of interfering peaks. Similarly, Palma et al 13 proposed adjusting the concentration of Tween 20–10% for improved AFs recovery. In the present work, 1% of Tween 20 in PBS was used as an extraction solvent, which needs to be optimized for the higher recovery of AFG 2 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 7 , 11 Mycotoxins can contaminate red peppers, particularly during harvesting, drying, processing, storage, and transportation. 7 , 12 Many mycotoxins, including AFs (total AFs), 13 , 14 OTA, 14 zearalenone, 15 fumonisins, 16 deoxynivalenol, 17 trichothecenes, 17 citrinin, 15 sterigmatocystin, and roquefortine C, 18 were detected in red peppers. Furthermore, red pepper is a suitable substrate for a variety of mycotoxins; particularly, AFs and OTA are prevalent in red peppers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aspergillus section Flavi and Nigri were found more frequently than Penicillium and Fusarium species in Capsicum spp. , Mycotoxins can contaminate red peppers, particularly during harvesting, drying, processing, storage, and transportation. , Many mycotoxins, including AFs (total AFs), , OTA, zearalenone, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, trichothecenes, citrinin, sterigmatocystin, and roquefortine C, were detected in red peppers. Furthermore, red pepper is a suitable substrate for a variety of mycotoxins; particularly, AFs and OTA are prevalent in red peppers. ,, In this regard, the natural occurrence of AFs and OTA in red peppers was documented across the world, including Brazil, , Chile, Greece, Indonesia, Lebanon, India, Italy, , Nigeria, and South Africa . Therefore, research into mycotoxins in red peppers is critical for both domestic and international trade along with public health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, red pepper is a suitable substrate for a variety of mycotoxins; particularly, AFs and OTA are prevalent in red peppers. 13,14,17 In this regard, the natural occurrence of AFs and OTA in red peppers was documented across the world, including Brazil, 14,19 Chile, 13 Greece, 20 Indonesia, 21 Lebanon, 16 India, 22 Italy, 17,23 Nigeria, 24 and South Africa. 18 Therefore, research into mycotoxins in red peppers is critical for both domestic and international trade along with public health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneous Detection of Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxins in Industrial and Traditional Red andisotPepper Flakes along with Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment

Öztekin

Karbancıoğlu-Güler

2022

ACS Omega

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This study focused on the co-occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in traditionally and industrially dried red pepper flakes (DRPFs) and isot pepper flakes (IPFs). Following the multitoxin immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was used to quantify AFs and OTA. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.11 and 0.18 μg kg –1 (AFB 1 ), 0.04 and 0.08 μg kg –1 (AFB 2 ), 0.13 and 0.18 μg kg –1 (AFG 1 ), 0.04 and 0.11 μg kg –1 (AFG 2 ), and 0.10 and 0.21 μg kg –1 (OTA), respectively. AFB 1, AFB 2 , AFG 1 , and OTA were found to be positive in 93, 74, 17, and 94% of all samples, respectively. The contamination levels in positive samples ranged from 0.23 to 38.69, 0.04 to 2.14, 0.13 to 0.88, and 0.18 to 52.19 μg kg –1 for AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 , and OTA, respectively, while no AFG 2 was found above the detection limit (0.04 μg kg –1 ). None of the industrial isot peppers exceeded the European Union limits, while the levels of AFB 1 (5 μg kg –1 ), total AFs (10 μg kg –1 ), and OTA (20 μg kg –1 ) of the traditional peppers were above the limit by 30% (16/54), 26% (14/54), and 4% (2/54), respectively. Co-occurrence of AFB 1 -AFB 2 -OTA was the most frequent, accounting for 54% (29/54) of all samples. At the upper bound (UB), estimated average exposure to AFB 1 , total AFs, and OTA was determined to be 0.175, 0.189, and 0.124 ng kg –1 bw day –1 in all samples, respectively. The margin of exposure (MoE) value of AFB 1 and total AFs was found to be 977 and 909, indicating high health concerns compared to OTA (MoE >10,000). AFB 1 and total AFs may result in 0.0058 and 0.0062 liver cancer cases/100,000 person/year at UB, respectively, and weekly OTA exposure was 0.868 ng kg –1 bw, well below the provisional tolerable weekly intake, hence not of health concern. AFs exposure could endanger health, whereas OTA posed no toxicological concerns through dried red pepper consumption

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneous Detection of Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxins in Industrial and Traditional Red andisotPepper Flakes along with Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment

Öztekin

Karbancıoğlu-Güler

2022

ACS Omega

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“…Like Pi et al's (2022) multi-toxins analysis, the method is applicable in conducting large-scale analysis while determining multiple mycotoxins in a large number of samples. Palma et al (2022) developed and validated a modified methodology for extracting, purifying, and quantifying total aflatoxins, including AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 , and AFG 2 in smoked chili pepper (merkén). The method utilised HPLC-FLD with post-column derivation to brominated analogues using a commercially available electrochemical cell.…”

Section: Chromatography With Non-ms Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2021-22

Tittlemier¹,

Cramer

DeRosa

et al. 2023

WMJ

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This review summarises developments published in the period from mid-2021 to mid-2022 on the analysis of a variety of matrices for mycotoxins. Important developments in all aspects of mycotoxin analysis, from sampling and quality assurance/quality control of analytical results, to the various detection and quantitation technologies ranging from single mycotoxin biosensors to comprehensive instrumental methods are presented and discussed. This non-exhaustive summary and associated discussion covers such technology as chromatography with targeted or non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry, detection other than mass spectrometry such as fluorescence or diode array detection, biosensors, as well as assays using alternatives to antibodies. This collaborative critical review intends to guide readers to relevant research by briefly presenting the most important developments in mycotoxin determination published in the past year. This review also relays limitations of the presented methodologies, in order to provide a fulsome assessment of the analytical developments.

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