Adaptation of photoperiodic control pathways produces short-day flowering in rice

Hayama, Ryosuke; Yokoi, Shuji; Tamaki, Shojiro; Yano, Masahiro; Shimamoto, Ko

doi:10.1038/nature01549

Cited by 676 publications

(653 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…These genes are regulated by vernalization and by active alleles of VRN1, consistent with the idea that these genes are downstream targets of the VRN1 gene (see Introduction). SOC1-like and CONSTANS-like genes, which regulate the reproductive development of rice 38,39 , were also identified as direct targets of VRN1. FT1 was identified as a direct binding target of VRN1 and also shows altered expression during early development in the early flowering VRN1-HA transgenic plants (Figs 2 and 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops

et al. 2015

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Transcription of the VERNALIZATION1 gene (VRN1) is induced by prolonged cold (vernalization) to trigger flowering of cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. VRN1 encodes a MADS box transcription factor that promotes flowering by regulating the expression of other genes. Here we use transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify direct targets of VRN1. Over 500 genomic regions were identified as potential VRN1-binding targets by ChIP-seq. VRN1 binds the promoter of FLOWERING LOCUS T-like 1, a promoter of flowering in vernalized plants. VRN1 also targets VERNALIZATION2 and ODDSOC2, repressors of flowering that are downregulated in vernalized plants. RNA-seq identified additional VRN1 targets that might play roles in triggering flowering. Other targets of VRN1 include genes that play central roles in low-temperature-induced freezing tolerance, spike architecture and hormone metabolism. This provides evidence for direct regulatory links between the vernalization response pathway and other important traits in cereal crops.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops

et al. 2015

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“…Photoperiodic flowering has been explained by the coincidence of CONSTANS (CO) diurnal expression rhythm and external light signals in both SD and LD model annuals, rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), respectively (Suárez-López et al, 2001;Hayama et al, 2003). In both species, CO controls flowering through the CETS (for CEN, TFL1, and FT) family protein FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), which is thought to be a universal flowering signal (Suárez-López et al, 2001;Hayama et al, 2003;Komiya et al, 2009;Turnbull, 2011).…”

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“…In both species, CO controls flowering through the CETS (for CEN, TFL1, and FT) family protein FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), which is thought to be a universal flowering signal (Suárez-López et al, 2001;Hayama et al, 2003;Komiya et al, 2009;Turnbull, 2011). In the LD plant Arabidopsis, CO protein accumulates in the leaf phloem companion cells and activates FT expression only in LDs when the light period coincides with the CO expression peak in the late afternoon Valverde et al, 2004;Corbesier et al, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In the LD plant Arabidopsis, CO protein accumulates in the leaf phloem companion cells and activates FT expression only in LDs when the light period coincides with the CO expression peak in the late afternoon Valverde et al, 2004;Corbesier et al, 2007). In contrast, in the SD plant rice, an FT homolog, Heading date3a, is activated when the CO homolog Heading date1 peaks after dusk in SDs (Hayama et al, 2003). After the activation of FT expression, the FT protein moves through the phloem to the shoot apex (Corbesier et al, 2007;Jaeger and Wigge, 2007;Tamaki et al, 2007), where 14-3-3 proteins bridge its interaction with a bZIP transcription factor, FLOWERING LOCUS D (FD; Taoka et al, 2011).…”

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Mutation inTERMINAL FLOWER1Reverses the Photoperiodic Requirement for Flowering in the Wild StrawberryFragaria vesca

et al. 2012

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Photoperiodic flowering has been extensively studied in the annual short-day and long-day plants rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), whereas less is known about the control of flowering in perennials. In the perennial wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca (Rosaceae), short-day and perpetual flowering long-day accessions occur. Genetic analyses showed that differences in their flowering responses are caused by a single gene, SEASONAL FLOWERING LOCUS, which may encode the F. vesca homolog of TERMINAL FLOWER1 (FvTFL1). We show through high-resolution mapping and transgenic approaches that FvTFL1 is the basis of this change in flowering behavior and demonstrate that FvTFL1 acts as a photoperiodically regulated repressor. In short-day F. vesca, long photoperiods activate FvTFL1 mRNA expression and short days suppress it, promoting flower induction. These seasonal cycles in FvTFL1 mRNA level confer seasonal cycling of vegetative and reproductive development. Mutations in FvTFL1 prevent long-day suppression of flowering, and the early flowering that then occurs under long days is dependent on the F. vesca homolog of FLOWERING LOCUS T. This photoperiodic response mechanism differs from those described in model annual plants. We suggest that this mechanism controls flowering within the perennial growth cycle in F. vesca and demonstrate that a change in a single gene reverses the photoperiodic requirements for flowering.

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“…4a). The expression levels of OsLFL1 as negative regulators of Ehd1 (Peng et al 2007) and Hd1 as a negative regulator of Hd3a/RFT1 (Yano et al 2000;Hayama et al 2003) under LD conditions were not altered significantly in Ubi1::OsNF-YC2:GFP, Ubi1::OsNF-YC4:GFP, and Ubi1::OsNF-YC6:GFP plants ( Supplementary Figs. S4, S5, S6).…”

Section: Osnf-yc Proteins Are Ld-specific Flowering Regulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

OsNF-YC2 and OsNF-YC4 proteins inhibit flowering under long-day conditions in rice

Kim

Park

Jang

et al. 2015

Planta

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Plant NUCLEAR FACTOR Y (NF-Y) transcription factors control numerous developmental processes by forming heterotrimeric complexes, but little is known about their roles in flowering in rice. In this study, it is shown that some subunits of OsNF-YB and OsNF-YC interact with each other, and among them, OsNF-YC2 and OsNF-YC4 proteins regulate the photoperiodic flowering response of rice. Protein interaction studies showed that the physical interactions occurred between the three OsNF-YC proteins (OsNF-YC2, OsNF-YC4 and OsNF-YC6) and three OsNF-YB proteins (OsNF-YB8, OsNF-YB10 and OsNF-YB11).Repression and overexpression of the OsNF-YC2 and OsNF-YC4 genes revealed that they act as inhibitors of flowering only under long-day (LD) conditions. Overexpression of OsNF-YC6, however, promoted flowering only under LD conditions, suggesting it could function as a flowering promoter. These phenotypes correlated with the changes in the expression of three rice flowering-time genes [Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), Heading date 3a (Hd3a) and RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (RFT1)]. The diurnal and tissue-specific expression patterns of the subsets of OsNF-YB and OsNF-YC genes were similar to those of CCT domain encoding genes such as OsCO3, Heading date 1 (Hd1) and Ghd7. We propose that OsNF-YC2 and OsNF-YC4 proteins regulate the photoperiodic flowering response by interacting directly with OsNF-YB8, OsNF-YB10 or OsNF-YB11 proteins in rice.

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Adaptation of photoperiodic control pathways produces short-day flowering in rice

Cited by 676 publications

References 22 publications

Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops

Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops

Mutation inTERMINAL FLOWER1Reverses the Photoperiodic Requirement for Flowering in the Wild StrawberryFragaria vesca

OsNF-YC2 and OsNF-YC4 proteins inhibit flowering under long-day conditions in rice

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