Adaptation of human adipose tissue to hypocaloric diet

Abstract

Hypocaloric diet is a key component of the weight-reducing treatment of obesity and obesity-related disorders. Hypocaloric diets and the associated weight reduction promote improvement of metabolic profile of obese individuals. Among the mechanisms that underlie this beneficial metabolic outcome, the diet-induced modifications of morphological and functional characteristics of human adipose tissue (AT) are believed to have an important role. Prospective studies of hypocaloric weight-reducing dietary intervention demonstrate effects on adipocyte metabolism, namely lipolysis and lipogenesis, and associated changes of the adipocyte size. The endocrine function of AT, which involves cytokine and adipokine production by adipocytes, as well as by cells of stromavascular fraction, is also regulated by dietary intervention. Related inflammatory status of AT is modulated also as a consequence of the changes in recruitment of immune cells, mainly macrophages, in AT. Here, we give an overview of metabolic and endocrine modifications in human AT induced by a variety of hypocaloric diets.

Dietary Strategies Implicated in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome

“…Weight loss is achieved via fat mobilization from different body compartments as a consequence of the lipolysis process necessary to provide energy substrate [32,33]. In people who are overweight or suffering from obesity, as is the case of most people with MetS, weight loss is important as it is associated with improvement of related disorders such as abdominal obesity (visceral adipose tissue), type 2 diabetes, CVD or inflammation [32,33,34,35,36]. …”

“…Therefore, of particular importance is the fact that in obese individuals following a hypocaloric diet, a depletion of plasma inflammatory markers such as interleukin (IL)-6 has been observed [34]. Thus, caloric restriction in obese people suffering MetS may improve the whole-body pro-inflammatory state.…”

Effects of Two Hypocaloric Diets Supplemented With White Lupine or Oats on Lipid Peroxidation, Reverse Cholesterol Transport and Paraoxonase Activity in Obese Rat

“…This plasma enzyme circulates in association with HDL, in particular HDL 3 . It esterifies unesterified cholesterol (UC) to cholesteryl ester (CE) and requires for its activity the apolipoprotein (apo) A-1, cofactor -activator (Bazzano, Thompson, Tees, Nguyen, & Winham, 2009;Rossmeislová, Mališová, Kračmerová, & Stich, 2012). Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is also an enzyme associated with HDL and is implied in the antioxidant capacity of this lipoprotein (Baudet, Daugareil, & Ferrieres, 2011).…”

Efeito da restrição calórica sobre marcadores de inflamação, homeostase glicêmica e proteínas envolvidas na sinalização da insulina de ratos destreinados.

“…Esse fator torna-se extremamente importante, tendo em vista o papel do TAB na regulação da homeostase energética e glicêmica (SPEAKMAN e MITCHELL, 2011). Além disso, evidências científicas sobre os efeitos da RC na fisiologia do tecido adiposo mostram que, com a perda de peso, em virtude da RC, acontece redução da massa do tecido adiposo, acompanhada pela concomitante redução do tamanho das células adiposas, contribuindo, dessa maneira, para melhora no perfil metabólico, através do aumento da expressão de proteínas envolvidas na mobilização de gordura (efeito lipolítico) e adipocitocinas envolvidas no metabolismo glicolítico e na sensibilidade à insulina (VIGUERIE et al, 2005;ROSSMEISLOVÁ et al, 2012 (GUILLET et al, 2010). Baseado nisso, pode-se concluir que animais predispostos à obesidade apresentem menor massa muscular, sendo associado com redução significativa na taxa da síntese proteica ou no comprometimento da incorporação de aminoácidos para o tecido muscular (DUNN et al, 1980;DURSCHLANG et al, 1983).…”

“…Os TGL são mobilizados no TAB através de um processo lipolítico, gerando AGNE e glicerol para circulação. Numa situação de balanço energético negativo, os AGNE servem de substrato energético para os músculos esqueléticos, o fígado e o miocárdio (ROSSMEISLOVÁ et al, 2012). Sendo assim, podemos perceber que, em uma situação de déficit calórico, o tecido adiposo passa a ter papel de fornecedor de energia para a manutenção saudável de outros órgãos.…”