Adaptation and visual salience

McDermott, Kyle C.; Malkoç, Gökhan; Mulligan, Jeffrey B.; Webster, Michael A.

doi:10.1167/10.13.17

Cited by 64 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…It has been hypothesized that adaptation enables neural systems to efficiently encode stimuli whose characteristics vary in time (e.g. spatiotemporal or spectrotemporal characteristics) [Dean et al, 2005[Dean et al, , 2008Wark et al, 2007], while enhancing discrimination [Greenlee and Heitger, 1988], increasing the detection of novel stimuli [McDermott et al, 2010] and maintaining perceptual constancy [Foster, 2011]. An example in the visual domain is the neural adaptation to different luminosity: this change in sensitivity allows the precise coding of contrast over a huge range of light intensities [Chen et al, 2005].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pump Up the Volume: Could Excessive Neural Gain Explain Tinnitus and Hyperacusis?

Brotherton

Plack²,

Maslin³

et al. 2015

Audiol Neurotol

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Naturally occurring stimuli can vary over several orders of magnitude and may exceed the dynamic range of sensory neurons. As a result, sensory systems adapt their sensitivity by changing their responsiveness or ‘gain'. While many peripheral adaptation processes are rapid, slow adaptation processes have been observed in response to sensory deprivation or elevated stimulation. This adaptation process alters neural gain in order to adjust the basic operating point of sensory processing. In the auditory system, abnormally high neural gain may result in higher spontaneous and/or stimulus-evoked neural firing rates, and this may have the unintended consequence of presenting as tinnitus and/or sound intolerance, respectively. Therefore, a better understanding of neural gain, in health and disease, may lead to more effective treatments for these aberrant auditory perceptions. This review provides a concise summary of (i) evidence for changes in neural gain in the auditory system of animals, (ii) physiological and perceptual changes in adult human listeners following an acute period of enhanced acoustic stimulation and/or deprivation, (iii) physiological evidence of excessive neural gain in tinnitus and hyperacusis patients, and (iv) the relevance of neural gain in the clinical treatment of tinnitus and hyperacusis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pump Up the Volume: Could Excessive Neural Gain Explain Tinnitus and Hyperacusis?

Brotherton

Plack²,

Maslin³

et al. 2015

Audiol Neurotol

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“…Adaptation is primarily characterized by a loss in sensitivity to the adapting stimulus which is accompanied by a boost in neural responses to unexpected events. At the behavioral level adaptation can facilitate discrimination (e.g., Kristjansson, 2011;McDermott, Malkoc, Mulligan, & Webster, 2010) similar to priming paradigms, and unexpected stimuli that are associated with MMN are also detected more easily (Garrido, Sahani, & Dolan, 2013;Solomon & Kohn, 2014;Tiitinen, May, Reinikainen, & N€ a€ at€ anen, 1994).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual mismatch negativity (vMMN): A review and meta-analysis of studies in psychiatric and neurological disorders

Kremláček

Kreegipuu

Tales

et al. 2016

Cortex

115

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The visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) response is an event-related potential (ERP) component, which is automatically elicited by events that violate predictions based on prior events. VMMN experiments use visual stimulus repetition to induce predictions, and vMMN is obtained by subtracting the response to rare unpredicted stimuli from those to frequent stimuli. One increasingly popular interpretation of the mismatch response postulates that vMMN, similar to its auditory counterpart (aMMN), represents a prediction error response generated by cortical mechanisms forming probabilistic representations of sensory signals. Here we discuss the physiological and theoretical basis of vMMN and review thirty-three studies from the emerging field of its clinical applications, presenting a meta-analysis of findings in schizophrenia, mood disorders, substance abuse, neurodegenerative disorders, developmental disorders, deafness, panic disorder and hypertension. Furthermore, we include reports on aging and maturation as they bear upon many clinically relevant conditions. Surveying the literature we found that vMMN is altered in several clinical populations which is in line with aMMN findings. An important potential advantage of vMMN however is that it allows the investigation of deficits in predictive processing in cognitive domains which rely primarily on visual information; a principal sensory modality and thus of vital importance in environmental information processing and response, and a modality which arguably may be more sensitive to some pathological changes. However, due to the relative infancy of research in vMMN compared to aMMN in clinical populations its potential for clinical application is not yet fully appreciated. The aim of this review and meta-analysis therefore is to present, in a detailed systematic manner, the findings from clinically-based vMMN studies, to discuss their potential impact and application, to raise awareness of this measure and to improve our understanding of disease upon fundamental aspects of visual information processing. Furthermore, we include reports on aging and maturation as they bear upon many clinically relevant conditions. Surveying the literature we found that vMMN is altered in several 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 clinical populations which is in line with aMMN findings. An important potential advantage of vMMN however is that it allows the investigation of deficits in predictive processing in cognitive domains which rely primarily on visual information; a principal sensor...

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“…Adaptation might therefore rapidly and implicitly update our knowledge of which stimuli are typical in the current context (e.g. Kayaert, Op de Beeck, and Wagemans (2011)), and provide a host of behavioural advantages for atypical stimuli, such as faster and more accurate detection in cluttered environments (Kompaniez-Dunigan, Abbey, Boone, & Webster, 2015;McDermott et al, 2010;Wissig, Patterson, & Kohn, 2013). Our demonstration of a contrastive shape aftereffect is entirely consistent with this conjecture.…”

Section: Adaptation May Enhance the Salience Of Novel Stimulisupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Improved discrimination have been reported in some studies (Clifford et al, 2001;Regan & Beverley, 1985) but not others (Barlow et al, 1976;Rhodes, Maloney, et al, 2007;Westheimer & Gee, 2002). Another interesting and nonexclusive possibility is that locally repulsive aftereffects, by temporarily warping perceptual similarity, might facilitate attentional capture by novel scenes, objects, faces, and facial expressions (McDermott et al, 2010;Ranganath & Rainer, 2003). The functional role of adaptation in high-level vision remains an open question.…”

Section: What Function If Any Does Adaptation Serve In High-level Vmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…According to this hypothesis, the perceptual distortions enhance the salience of novel inputs (McDermott, Malkoc, Mulligan, & Webster, 2010;Ranganath & Rainer, 2003). By perceptually exaggerating differences between the adapted environment and subsequent inputs, adaptation might ensure that scenes and objects that are statistically unusual in the context of the recent past capture attention.…”

Section: Adaptation May Enhance the Salience Of Novel Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Norms are Not the Norm: Testing Theories of Sensory Encoding Using Visual Aftereffects

Storrs¹

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A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Queensland in 2015School of Psychology A B S T R A C TThe goal of visual neuroscience is to explain how patterns of neural activity give rise to visual experiences. Here I use visual aftereffects to explore the computational principles underlying the perception of simple, intermediate, and complex forms (orientations, shapes, and faces). Aftereffects occur when exposure to one stimulus changes the appearance of a subsequent stimulus. In the tilt aftereffect, for example, staring at a left-tilted line can make a vertical line seem briefly to lean to the right. Aftereffects are thought to be caused by neural adaptation -changes in the responsiveness of neurons after prolonged stimulation.Visual aftereffects allow us to probe sensory encoding, because adaptation within different encoding schemes can predict different patterns of perceptual aftereffect. I focus on two theories of encoding prominent in the face recognition literature. According to norm-based accounts, faces are represented in terms of how they deviate from a unique norm, such as the average of all experienced faces. Similar proposals have been raised in other contexts, for example to encode the aspect ratio of shapes. Norm-based encoding can be implemented by a population in which neurons respond increasingly as a stimulus moves further in the neuron's preferred direction, away from a normative value in stimulus space. Alternatively, exemplar-based accounts propose that faces are encoded in terms of their similarity to a number of previously-experienced exemplars. Exemplar-based encoding can be implemented by a population of non-monotonically tuned neurons that prefer particular points in stimulus space, rather than directions.Norm-based and exemplar-based accounts make distinct predictions for the pattern of aftereffects one should experience following adaptation. Norm-based encoding is associated with renormalisation, in which the adapting stimulus appears more 'neutral' or 'average' after prolonged viewing, and the appearances of other stimuli are altered in the same fashion (e.g. after adapting to a male face, all faces should look more feminine).Exemplar-based encoding is associated with 'local repulsion,' in which the adapting stimulus appears unchanged, but differences between it and subsequent stimuli are exaggerated (e.g. after adapting to a male face, a very masculine face should look even more masculine, while an androgynous or female face should look more feminine).Over the past fifteen years, norm-based theories of shape and face encoding have gained traction, ostensibly supported by evidence from aftereffects. In Chapter 1, I review this evidence, and relate it to an older debate concerning the role of norms in orientation perception. I conclude that the evidence for renormalisation in form perception is under-2 3 whelming. In Chapter 2 I empirically address the most recent evidence for orientation renormalisation. I show that these data likely arise from an ...

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Adaptation and visual salience

Cited by 64 publications

References 89 publications

Pump Up the Volume: Could Excessive Neural Gain Explain Tinnitus and Hyperacusis?

Pump Up the Volume: Could Excessive Neural Gain Explain Tinnitus and Hyperacusis?

Visual mismatch negativity (vMMN): A review and meta-analysis of studies in psychiatric and neurological disorders

Norms are Not the Norm: Testing Theories of Sensory Encoding Using Visual Aftereffects

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