Adaptation and Validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R) in People Living with HIV in Myanmar

Abstract

Objectives Valid and reliable instruments for the measurement of mindfulness are crucial for people living with HIV. However, there was no Myanmar version of such an instrument. Methods We adapted the English version of the 12-item Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R) based on standard cross-cultural procedures. By randomly sampling methods, a sample of 248 eligible people living with HIV was contacted from a closed Myanmar Facebook group; 159 PLHIV completed the initial 12-item version of the adapted survey. Results Three items were removed due to low item-to-total correlations of the corrected item-total correlation as well as having infit and outfit mean squares outside the range of 0.6 to 1.4. After deleting the 3 items, the three-factor structure was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis, which indicated good model fit. The resultant 9-item CAMS-R in Myanmar (CAMS-R-M-2) achieved good internal reliability (Cronbach’s α of 0.75 to 0.87, and the corrected item-total correlation ranged from 0.44 to 0.81). Construct validity of the scale was demonstrated by significant association with self-reported HIV stigma and social support levels (r = 0.63, and − 0.53). In Rasch analysis, the infit and outfit mean squares for each item ranged from 0.49 to 1.24, and the person reliability was 2.17 and the separation index was 0.83. Conclusions The 9-item CAMS-R-M-2 with a three-factor structure has good reliability and validity. Higher total scores and subscale score reflected greater mindfulness qualities in people living with HIV in Myanmar.

The Mediating Effects of Mindfulness on Perceived Stress From HIV Stigma in People Living With HIV in Myanmar: A Cross-sectional Study

“…All the items were rated using a 4-point Likert scale (1 = rarely/not at all to 4 = almost always ), with higher total scores reflecting greater mindfulness qualities. In this study, the Cronbach's alpha of the total scale was 0.87, and three-factor structure of CAMS-R-M has been validated by confirmatory factor analysis among PWH (Huang et al, 2021).…”

Further Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Current Experiences Scale and Model of Resiliency

“…Trait mindfulness (i.e., the ability to be mindful in daily life) was measured with the 12-item Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R)., where higher scores represent greater mindfulness. 15 Positive affect was measured with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), a 10-item scale where higher scores indicate greater positive affect. 16 Gratitude was measured with The Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), which is a 6-item scale where higher scores indicate greater gratitude.…”

Mindfulness is inversely associated with psychological symptoms in long-term cardiac arrest survivors

“…The CAMS-R is meant to be used to study dispositional mindfulness (Rau & Williams., 2016) and as a correlate of adjustment, in this case, adjustment to cardiac arrest survivorship (Feldmen et al, 2007). The CAMS-R has been used in various clinical populations to measure dispositional mindfulness, including neurocritical care patients (Choi et al, 2018;Meyers, Lin, et al, 2020;Meyers, Presciutti, et al, 2020;Shaffer et al, 2016;Vranceanu et al, 2020), chronic pain (Greenberg et al, 2020), and neurofibromatosis (Mace et al, 2021) and has been validated in people living with HIV in Myanmar (Huang et al, 2021).…”