Acute toxicity test nanoherbal mahkota dewa fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa)

Abstract

A common plant from Papua, Indonesia, called Phaleria macrocarpa (mahkota dewa), has potent therapeutic components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity level of nanoherbal mahkota dewa and its effect on the changes in hematology, biochemistry, electrolytes, and histopathology of the organ. High Energy Milling (HEM) was used to produce nanoherbal mahkota dewa. LD50 was determined in three stages: dose orientation test (12 mice), preliminary test (20 mice), and LD50 determination (30 mice) for 14 days using the Thomson Weil formula. LC50 was determined using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test method with concentrations of 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000 ppm. This study revealed that the LD50 value was 1g/kg BW 0,075 and the LC50 value was 2145,0407 ppm. The nanoherbal mahkota dewa affected the histological organs, hematological, biochemical, and electrolyte parameters but did not affect the weight of the organ significantly. From this study, it can be concluded that nanoherbal mahkota dewa belongs to the category of moderate toxicity. In a proper dose, it could be processed as an herbal medicine in the future.

Hepatotoxicity Oral Administration of Flavonoids Rich Extract from Phaleria Macrocarpha in Mice

“…A comparable investigation utilizing sipatah-patah stem extract containing flavonoids found no significant variation in the liver weight of mice [21]. Another study utilizing nano herbs from Phaleria macrocarpa in rats with doses up to 1608.1 mg/kg BW/day found no significant variation in the hepatic weight of mice [16]. This is consistent with subchronic experiments in mice that used ethanol extract nanoparticles from the plant Phaleria macrocarpa at dosages of 85, 170, and 340 mg/kg BW/day.…”

“…In mice, administering a dosage of 1608.1 mg/kg BW/day nano herbals of Phaleria macrocarpa had toxic effects on the liver in the form of parenchymal degeneration, hydropic degeneration, and necrosis [16]. A subchronic investigation of ethanol extract nanoparticles Phaleria macrocarpa in mice at a dose of 85 mg/kg BW/day revealed hydropic degeneration, a dose of 170 mg/kg BW/day revealed inflammatory cell infiltration, whilst a dose of 340 mg/kg BW/day caused necrosis in the liver.…”

“…Creating histopathological slides with Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Histopathological score assessment using a binocular microscope with magnification 400, at 5 different fields of view using a score on Simanjuntak research, which normal hepatocyte cells have a score of 0, parenchymatous degeneration has a score of 1, hydropic degeneration has a score of 2 and necrosis has a score of 3 (16).…”

“…Liver damage can occur due to toxic substances through the mechanism of inhibition of metabolism enzymes, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage (14)(15). The presence of injury in the liver can be determined by measuring the levels of ALT and AST and observing hydropic degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration, and necrosis of liver cells (16)(17)(18)(19). The purpose of this study was to see the effect of giving flavonoid-rich extract from Phaleria macrocarpa fruit to the liver of mice.…”

Evaluation of Subacute Toxicity of Flavonoid from Phaleria Macrocarpa Fruit Extract in Mice

“…Herbal products are increasingly being used as an alternative to chemical medications to treat a variety of ailments just because no side effect and low cost (1)(2)(3). Phaleria macrocarpa is a plant that is utilised as a traditional herbal medicine due to its several benefits (4,5). Phaleria macrocarpa is a member of the thymelaeceae family that originated in Papua and is commonly found in tropical places (4,6,7) The presence of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, fophenols, saponins, lignans, and phalerins was revealed by the screening results of the phytochemical test Phaleria macrocarpa (6,8).…”