Acute Phase Proteins: How they portray Mastitis – A review

Abstract

Acute Phase Proteins are blood proteins primarily synthesized by hepatocytes as part of the acute phase response (APR). APR to disease is accompanied by an increase in the circulating concentration of a number of plasma proteins which are collectively known as the Acute Phase Proteins. According to the concentration, APPs are classified in positive APP, if they increase or negative APP, if they decrease. During mastitis, APPs move from the systemic circulation to mammary gland or there could be de-novo synthesis of the APP within mammary gland tissues. Among the APPs, Serum Amyloid A (SAA), Haptoglobin (Hp), Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and Lipopolysaccharide binding protein play a major role during mastitis in cattle and their concentration will increase with the severity of the infection, inflammation or trauma. SAA is involved in defense against Gram positive and Gram negative pathogens. SAA acts by modulating innate immune system and by acting as an opsonin. Among the SAA isoforms, mammary associated SAA3 (m-SAA3) is important. The blood concentration of SAA and Hp increases dramatically after LPS infusion, with SAA (acute and middle phase of APR) appearing before Hp (Late phase of APR). The herd level APP might be useful for determining the prevalence of clinical and subclinical infections indicated by the high serum concentration of selected APP and by serving as the prognostic tool. APPs, used as markers of animal health may possibly be influenced by environmental factors, handling procedures and other types of stress in the absence of disease.

Determination of Blood Serum Protein Fractions of Calves with Clinically Diagnosed Pneumonia

“…The α-globulin fraction includes many of the acute phase proteins (ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, α1-acid glycoprotein, some lipoproteins). In various causes cases pneumonia, the affected animals had significantly higher values of haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen, ceruloplasmin, α1-antitrypsin, and acidglycoprotein, (Angen, 2009;Fagliari et al,2003;Katoh et al, 1999;Kumar et al 2015;Yamamoto et al 1998) and these parameters might be best choice to diagnose for pneumonia in field conditions (Snowder et al, 2006).…”

Determining Serum Haptoglobin and Proinflammatory Cytokines Concentration in the Calves Clinically Diagnosed with Pneumonitis, Pneumoenteritis and Enteritis

“…Calf fatalities due to these diseases cause significant economic losses all over the world (Güneş et al, 2013). Physiological response to infections and injuries including the onset of episodes that will emerge as inflammation and systemic response is also called acute phase reactions Include as after called as acute phase reactions (AFR) (Kumar et al 2015). These alterations occurring in a remote location from the inflammation area also includes fever, leukocytosis and the qualitative and quantitative modifications of a specific group of proteins other than structural proteins functioning in blood and other body fluids.…”