“…The definition of CS has evolved over years [23] and CS-defining criteria have varied among clinical trials and societal guidelines [4,49] as summarized in Table 2 (Ref. [2,3,6,7,16,21,24,26,27,32,35,36,38,39,48,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56]). The widely accepted definition of CS includes clinical signs and symptoms of tissue hypoperfusion (e.g., altered mental status, oliguria, high lactate level) and elevated LV filling pressures (e.g., pulmonary congestion).…”