Acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery: preoperative predictive diagnostics

Abstract

<p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) and its delayed diagnosis often lead to an increase in the number of patients with chronic kidney disease. There is no denying the importance of studying the pathogenetic mechanisms of AKI, timely predictive identification of patients at high risk of CSA-AKI, as well as the need to search for and improve perioperative strategies to prevent CSA-AKI. The development of new approaches regarding predictive diagnostics of AKI and their widespread introduction into a wide clinical practice will improve the prognosis and survival of these patients.<br />The modern diagnostic continuum of AKI considers risk factors as pre-existing conditions against which adverse factors of the perioperative period are realised. Risk factors for AKI in cardiac surgery are divided into two categories: 1) patient-dependent and 2) operations-associated or modifiable risk factors for the development of AKI, to some extent secondary to iatrogenic effects (adverse factors of the perioperative period). A clear understanding of the significance of these factors regarding the development of AKI in cardiac surgery patients allows us to form risk scales for predicting CSA-AKI in the postoperative period. This review presents the following work, which is a milestone for the predictive diagnosis of AKI in cardiac surgery: model Association of Nephrology and the Association of Anaesthesiologists and Reanimatologists of Russia, the scale EuroSCORE II, the STS Score, Score Mehta, ‘risk index perioperative renal dysfunction/failure’, S. Aronson et al., scale S.Y. Ng et al., model K. Birnie et al.<br />The use of predictive models for the predictive diagnosis of CSA-AKI is an important strategy for identifying high-risk patients. This approach allows active application of preventive strategies regarding AKI in routine clinical practice. It also has distinct advantages regarding conducting cohort clinical studies of new renoprotective technologies. To date, there is no ‘gold standard’ scale for predicting the risk of cardiac AKI. The authors propose consideration of their application as a weighted ‘Solomon’ solution, according to a specific clinical situation.</p><p>Received 10 July 2020. Revised 9 September 2020. Accepted 10 September 2020.</p><p><strong>Funding:</strong> The study did not have sponsorship.</p><p><strong>Conflict of interest:</strong> Authors declare no conflict of interest.</p><p><strong>Author contributions</strong><br />Conception and design: N.O. Kamenshchikov, Yu.K. Podoksenov, M.L. Diakova<br />Drafting the article: N.O. Kamenshchikov, M.L. Diakova, A.M. Boyko<br />Critical revision of the article: M.L. Diakova, Yu.K. Podoksenov<br />Final approval of the version to be published: N.O. Kamenshchikov, Yu.K. Podoksenov, M.L. Diakova, A.M. Boyko, B.N. Kozlov</p>