Acute Kidney Injury associated with "Triple whammy" combination: a protocol for a systematic review.

Abstract

Background: “Triple whammy” (TW) refers to the simultaneous use of diuretics, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). To date, the risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI) associated to this combination has not been deeply investigated. The objectives are to analyze the incidence of AKI associated to the exposure to “triple whammy” including all NSAIDs versus non-exposure to this combination. Secondarily, the risk of hospitalization, severe adverse events, requirement of renal replacement therapy and mortality will be assessed. Also, the incidence of AKI associated to the exposure to “triple whammy” versus non-exposure will be analyzed, including only metamizole as NSAID. Methods: A systematic literature search of intervention studies and analytical observational studies will be conducted in the Cochrane Library, Medline and EMBASE, among others. AKI 12 months after the last prescription of the triple combination will be the main outcome. Relative frequencies, risk of bias and certainty of evidence will be analyzed. Additionally, sensitivity and subgroup analyses will be performed. Results: Once this systematic review has been completed, the results are expected to provide an estimate of the risk associated with this triple combination and the renal variables, in addition to new guidance on the renal treatment of patients potentially receiving triple therapy. Conclusions: This is intended to be the first systematic review of observational studies to analyse TW combination and AKI's risk based on well-validated epidemiological databases exploring drug safety issues.

Indirect and Direct 65+ Patient Reporting of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Adverse Drug Reactions as a Source of Information on Polypharmacy and Polypharmacy-Related Risk

“…According to the available studies, gastrointestinal tract-related ADRs were the most common NSAID-induced adverse reactions; such symptoms were reported by as many as 60–70% of patients [ 31 ]. NSAID use also poses a risk of NSAID-associated AKI and interactions primarily with diuretics and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Outcomes in Acute Kidney Injury Patients: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study, Palestine

“…NSAIDs can cause a poor prognosis, mainly when used with other medications such as ACE and diuretics during AKI [ 49 ]. A recent study in Palestine among college students reported very high use of NSAID and suggested increasing awareness of adverse effects associated with NSAID [ 50 ].…”

Effect of the combination of diuretics, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors, and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or metamizole (triple whammy) on hospitalisation due to acute kidney injury: A nested case–control study

“…Other clinically important outcomes previously not extensively evaluated were the need of RRT, in which no significant association was found with TW, and mortality, being unexpectedly lower with the TW exposure. An ongoing systematic review and meta-analysis 27 led by the authors will summarise and synthesise all the up-to-date evidence on the influence of the TW use on morbidity and mortality outcomes.…”